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STUDIES 


IN   THE 


Life  of  Jesus 


BY 


WILLIAM  H.  SALLMON 


I 


COLTON,  OHMAN   &  CO.  /V.  Y. 


STUDIES 


IN  THE 


Life  of  Jesus 


FOR  BIBLE  CLASSES  AND  PERSONAL  USE; 

BY 

y 

WILLIAM  H.  SALLMON. 


Author  of  "  Studies  in  the  Parables  of  Jesus,"  and 
"  Studies  in  the  Life  of  PauL" 


"  There  is  no  better  rule  than  so  to  live  that  Christ 
would  approve  your  life/' 

—John  Stuart  Mill. 


EIGHTH      THOUSAND. 

New  York: 

The  International  Committee  of 

Young  Men's  Christian 

Associations. 


35-I-P66  5-98- 


COPYRIGHTED    1897 
BY 

THE    INTERNATIONAL    COMMITTEE 

YOUNG    MEN'S    CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATIONS. 


NO.    328. 


For  list  of  publications  in  the  "College  Series,' 
see  last  pages. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Preface, vii 

Bibliography xi 


ERRATA. 


Page    36-4th  line.     Bible  reference  of  vs.  1  should  be 

vs.  41. 
Page    38-14th  line.     Read  originate  not  orginate. 
Page    ;38— last  line.     Should  read  John  i:29.  34. 
Page    4.5-2nd  line.     Attention  is  called  to  Edersheim's 

Book  III,  not  II. 
Page    6.5— last  line,  2nd  brace.     Should  be  vs.  3  not  II,  3. 
Page    70-lst  line.     Read  Matt.  xiv:13-23;  not  Matt.  iv. 
Page    79-8th  line  from  bottom.     (3)  Should  read  Luke 

xiii,  not  xii. 
Page    82-]7th  line.     Read  Matt.  xvi:20;  not  Matt,  xvii 
Page  115— 19th  line.     (3)  Should  be  Matt.  xxii:23-33. 


The  Flight. 
Herod's  Cruelty. 
Return  to  Nazareth, 

Period  of  Growth. 

Study  IV^.  Boyhood  and  Youth,     .        .        .        .34 

At  Nazareth. 
At  Jerusalem. 


IV  CONTENTS. 

PAGE.. 

Period  of  Preparation. 

Study  V.  The  Baptism, 38 

John  the  Baptist. 
Jesus  baptized. 

Study  VI.         The  Temptation, 41 

Period  of  Introduction. 

Study  VII.  45 

First  Disciples. 
First  Miracle. 

Study  VIII.      First  Passover, 48 

First  Conversation — with  a  ruler  of 
the  Jews. 

Period  of  Obscurity. 

Study  IX 52 

Judean  Ministry. 

Period  of  Popularity.  ...    53 

In  Samaria. 

Study  X.  Galilean  Ministry,         .        .        .        .55 

Selection  of  headquarters. 
Enlisting  four  Disciples. 
A  typical  day. 

Tours  into  Surrounding  Towns. 
Context  and  Summary  of  the  Period,     58 

Study  XI.         Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .     60 

The  Apostles. 
Supplemental  Study  on  The  Apostles,    64 

Study  XII.        Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .    66 

Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

Study  XIII.      Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .     70 

The  Crisis  in  Popular  Feeling. 
Context  and  Summary  of  the  Period,    74 


CONTENTS.  V 

PAGE. 

Period  of  Opposition. 

Study  XIV.      Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .        .     77 
Opposition  in  Galilee. 
Opposition  on  journey  to  Jerusalem. 

Study  XV.        Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .     8: 

Preparing     His     Disciples    for     His 
Death. 

Study  XV^I.      Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .     85 

The  Transfiguration. 

Study  XVH.    Galilean  Ministry  (Continued),  .        .     91 

Opposition  in  Jerusalem,       .        .        .91 
Context  and  Summary  of  the  Period,     95 

Study  XVIH.  Perean  Ministry, 97 

The  Rich  Young  Ruler. 
Context  and  Summary  of  the  Period,  102 
Chart  of  Jerusalem,      ....  106 

Period  ofTriutnpli. 

Study  XIX. 107 

Passion  Week. 107 

Sunday — Triumphal  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem. 

Monday— The    Cursing    of    the  Fig 
Tree. 
Second  Cleansing  of  the  temple. 

Study  XX.       Passion  Week.— Tuesday,     .        .        .  iir 
Events  = 

The  Fig  Tree  Withered. 
The  Widow's  Two  Mites. 
Greeks  seek  Jesus. 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Study  XXI.      Passion  Week.— Tuesday.      .        .        .  114 
Controversies- 
Regarding  the  Authority  of  Jesus. 
Regarding  Tribute  to  Caesar. 
Regarding  Resurrection. 
Regarding   the   Greatest   Command- 
ment. 

Regarding  the  Messiah. 
Conclusion  of  Controversies. 

Study  XXII.    Passion     Week.  —  Wednesday      and 

Thursday, 118 

The  Last  Supper. 
Supplemental  Study   ok  the    Lord's 
Supper, 123 

Study  XXIII.  Passion  Week.— Friday,         .  .  127 

Gethsemane. 
Betrayal  and  Arrest. 
Ecclesiastical  Trial. 
Civil  Trial. 

Study  XXIV.  Passion  Week.— Friday,         .        .        .  132 
Crucifixion  and  Burial. 

Study  XXV.    Passion  Week.— Sunday,        .        .        .136 
The  Resurrection. 

Illustrations, 143 

Suggestions  to  Leaders  of  Bible  Classes,        .        .  147 

College  Series,         ........  153 


PREFACE. 

In  response  to  a  general  demand  expressed  at 
the  various  summer  schools  for  Bible  study,  for 
a  course  in  the  life  of  Jesus  which  has  been 
tried  in  some  college  com_munity  and  found  to 
be  workable,  these  outlines  are  allowed  to  go 
forth.  They  have  been  used  for  six  years  in 
modified  forms  by  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Yale  University,  and  were  pre- 
sented at  theNorthfield  Conference,  The  object 
of  the  Course  is  to  give  (i)  a  comprehensive, 
historical  view  of  the  life  of  Jesus,  and  (2)  a 
study  of  his  character  which  presents  him  as  a 
living  reality,  and  not  merely  as  an  historical 
ideal.  It  has  been  necessar^^  to  make  a  selec- 
tion from  the  material  available,  because  (i)  it  is 
impossible  during  a  college  year,  with  only  one 
study  each  week,  to  cover  all  the  ground  and  to 
do  it  well.  Therefore  the  discourses  in  John's 
gospel,  and  many  interesting  incidents  in  Jesus' 
life,  are  omitted,  (2)  The  parables  and  miracles 
are  omitted  because  these  form  the  basis  for  the 
second  year's  study  in  the  Yale  system.  The 
work  is  classed  under  periods,  and  although  the 
characteristics  of  one  period  are  not  always 
exclusive  of  another,  such  a  division  has  been 
found  to  be  more  helpful  for  devotional  and 
practical  work  than  an  outline  headed  by  dates. 
It  is  hoped  that  in  addition  to  the  healthy  influ- 
ences which  any  contact  with  the  life  of  Jesus 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

must  produce,  that  an  impression  will  be  left 
of  the  peculiar  features  of  each  period. 

The  choice  of  the  title  "Life  of  Jesus  "  rather 
than  the  more  frequent  "Life  of  Christ,"  may 
be  sufficiently  explained  by  the  fact  that  the 
word  "Christ"  seldom  occurs  in  the  gospels, 
whereas  the  word  "Jesus  "  is  found  eight  hun- 
dred and  four  times  in  the  New  Testament. 

The  "  Suggestions  to  Leaders,"  placed  at  the 
close  of  the  book,  are  largely  the  results  of  the 
conferences  of  a  normal  class.  They  are  in 
exceedingly  condensed  form  and  will  repay 
careful  consideration. 

Valuable  aid  in  preparing  the  outlines  for 
print  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Henry  Sloane 
Coffin  and  Mr.  Henry  Burt  Wright,  both  of 
whom  have  presented  the  course  to  classes  at 
Yale. 

The  zuork  from  beginning  to  end  is  intended  to 
be  suggestive  only,  and  to  serve  as  a  basis  for 
further  study.  W.   H.  S- 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Cf.  =  Compare. 

E.  g.  =  for  example. 

Lit.  =  literally. 

Seq.  =  and  following. 

Vs.  =  verse  or  verses. 

Bk.  =  book. 

Chap.  =  chapter. 

Marg.  =  margin. 

R.  V.  =  Revised  Version. 

B.  D.  =  Bible  Dictionary. 


"  O  Lord  and  Master  of  us  all, 
Whate'er  our  name  or  sign, 
We  own  Thy  sway,  we  hear  Thy  call. 
We  test  our  lives  by  Thine." 

—  Whittier. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


A  fair  working  library  for  the  studies  outlined 
in  this  pamphlet  would  consist  of  Bible,  Note- 
book, Greek  Text,  Revised  Version  ;  any  two 
of  the  lives  by  Edersheim,  Stalker,  Farrar  or 
Geikie  ;  a  harmony  of  the  Gospels  and  Kephart's 
Chart,  and  the  volumes  on  Matthew,  Mark, 
Luke  and  John  in  the  Cambridge  Bible  for 
Schools  and  Colleges. 

I.    Biographies. 

1.  The  Life  and  Times  of  Jesus  the  Messiah. 
Alfred  Edersheim,  D.D.  (Longmans,  Green 
&  Co.)  We  unhesitatingly  place  this  at  the 
head  of  all  contemporaneous  literature  on  the 
subject.  Two  volumes  giving  the  picturesque 
Jewish  setting  of  the  times — a  wealth  of  Rab- 
binic lore. 

An  abridged  edition  is  now  obtainable  which 
omits  details  of  archaeology  and  many  refer- 
ences to  Rabbinism. 

2.  The  Life  of  Christ.  Frederic  W.  Farrar, 
D.D.  (E.  P.  Dutton&Co.)  A  popular  work, 
picturesque  in  style,  available  to  all  readers. 
Rich  in  references  to  Jewish  literature.  Two 
volumes  or  one. 


Xll  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

3.  The  Life  and  Words  of  Christ.  Cunning- 
ham Geikie,  D.D.  (D.  Appleton  «&  Co.)  A 
picture  of  the  Lord's  life  in  its  historical  set- 
ting. Its  special  value  lies  in  the  fact  that  all 
the  words  of  Christ  are  woven  into  the  narra- 
tive, and  interpret  his  doings. 

4.  The  Life  of  Our  Lord.  Samuel  J.  An- 
drews, D.D.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.)  The 
external  life  in  its  historical,  chronological  and 
geographical  relations.  Good  to  use  in  con- 
junction with  any  harmony. 

II.    Handbooks. 

1.  The  Life  of  Christ.  James  Stalker,  D.D. 
(F.  H.  Revell  Co.)  Concise  and  practical. 
Setting  forth  the  main  features  and  general 
course  of  our  Lord's  life  in  briefest  possible 
space.     Multum  in  parvo. 

2.  Jesus  Christ  the  Divine  Alan.  J.  F.  Val- 
lings,  M.A.  "  Men  of  the  Bible  Series."  Em- 
phasizes the  moral  and  spiritual  aspects  of  the 
life  in  the  light  of  modern  research.  The  geo- 
graphical labors  of  the  Palestine  Exploration 
Society  are  made  to  contribute.  Vigorous  in 
style. 

3.  Christ  Our  Life.  Joseph  Angus,  D.D. 
(American  Baptist  Publication  Society.)  Orig- 
inal in  execution.  Clear  and  attractive  read- 
ing. Emphasis  laid  on  the  lessons  which 
spring  out  of  prominent  traits  of  our  Lord's 
life. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  XIll 

4.  The  Man  Christ  Jesus.  Robert  E.  Speer. 
(F.  H.  Revell  Co.)  A  reverent  and  imagina- 
tive study  tinged  with  a  lofty  mysticism,  aim- 
ing to  give  (i)  a  reason  for  the  Christian  faith, 
(2)  an  example  for  the  Christian  life. 

5.  The  Student' s  Life  of  Jesus.  G.  H.  Gil- 
bert, D.D.  A  critical  and  scientific  examina- 
tion of  facts.  Not  intended  to  be  devotional. 
Up  to  date  in  arrangement. 

III.  Introductions. 

An  Introduciio7i  to  the  Life  of  Jesus.  A.  W. 
Williams.  (Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.)  An  at- 
tempt to  state  what  is  known  of  the  sources  of 
the  life  of  Jesus  and  to  estimate  their  trust- 
worthiness. A  contribution  to  the  historical 
evidences  of  Christianity. 

The  best  Introductions  to  the  New  Testa- 
ment as  a  whole  are  by  Salmon,  Dods,  and 
Westcott. 

IV.  Harmonies. 

1.  A  Harmony  of  the  Gospels.  Stevens  and 
Burton.  (Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.)  On  the 
basis  of  the  Revised  Version  Arranged  for 
historical  study.  For  chronological  work  it 
is  well  to  use  Andrews'  *'  Life  of  Our  Lord  ' 
in  connection  with  this  harmony. 

2.  The  Gospel  Combined.  C.  H.  Pope,  A 
handy  booklet.  Parallel  passages  blended  and 
separate  accounts  connected.  A  continuous 
narrative  with  Christ's  words  in  special  type. 


XIV  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

3.  The  Fou7-fold  Gospel.  J.  Glentworth  Bui- 
ler,  D.D.  (The  Butler  Bible  Work  Co.),  and 
The Interwovejt  Gospels  {¥ords,  Howard  &  Hul- 
bert),  with  the  four  accounts  in  a  continuous 
narrative, — while  the  harmonies  of  Robinson, 
Broadus  and  others,  like  that  of  Stevens  and 
Burton,  arrange  them  in  parallel  columns 

V.    Commentaries. 

1.  The  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools  and  Col- 
leges. (Cambridge  University  Press.)  The 
volumes  on  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke  and  John 
are  easily  available  to  the  average  reader,  and 
are  almost  indispensable. 

2.  Expository  Thoughts  on  the  Gospels.  J.  C. 
Ryle,  B.A.  (Robert  Carter  &  Brothers.)  A 
continuous  and  homiletic  exposition.  The 
text  divided  into  sections  of  about  twelve 
verses  each.  Practical  remarks  on  each  verse. 
A  devotional  work. 

3.  The  Butler  Bible  Work.  J.  Glentworth 
Butler,  D.D.  (The  Butler  Bible  Work  Co.) 
Volume  on  The  Gospels.  The  Life  of  Christ 
woven  into  a  consecutive,  complete  story.  A 
rich  compend  of  select  thoughts  from  wise  and 
devout  scholars. 

VL    Passion  Week. 

I.  The  Trial  and  Death  of  Jesus  Christ. 
James  Stalker,  D.D.  •  (American  Tract  So- 
ciety.) A  devotional  history  of  Our  Lord's 
Passion. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  XV 

2.  The  Upper  Room.  John  Watson,  D.D. 
iDodd,  Mead  &  Co.)  "Little  Books  on  Re- 
ligion Series." 

3.  The  Seven  Words  from  the  Cross.  W. 
Robertson  Nicoll,  D.D.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 
Little  Books  on  Religion  Series. 

4.  Christ  Himself.  Alex.  McKenzie,  D.D. 
(D.  Lothrop  &  Co.)  The  attention  is  directed 
especially  to  Passion  Week. 

5.  The  Suffering  Saviour.  Fred.  W.  Krum- 
macher,  D.D.  (Robert  Carter  &  Brothers.) 
A  sympathetic  and  spiritual  set  of  meditations 
on  the  last  days  of  Christ. 


VIL    Greek  Helps. 

1.  The  Nezv  Testament  in  Greek.  Westcott 
and  Hort.  (Macmillan  and  Co.)  Student's 
Edition  with  Lexicon.  This  is  probably  the 
standard  text. 

2.  A  Brief  Introduction  to  New  i  estament 
Greek.  S.  G.  Green,  D.D.  (F.  H.  Revell  Co. 
Present  Day  Primers.)  The  question  is  so 
frequently  asked  how  to  begin  the  study  of 
New  Testament  Greek  that  this  volume  is 
recommended  for  the  preliminary  steps.  It  is 
simple  and  clear.  A  mastery  of  it  will  give  a 
good  reading  knowledge  of  Luke  and  Philip- 
pians,  as  the  exercises  are  taken  from  these 
books. 


XVI  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

3.  The  Greek  Testa?nent.  Henry  Alfora, 
D.D.  (Lee  and  Shepard.)  Vol.  I.,  The  Fo/ir 
Gospels.  A  critical  and  exegetical  comment- 
ary on  the  Greek  text.  Valuable  to  those  \fho 
read  Greek. 

VIII.  Concordance  and  Dictionary. 

1.  Analytical  Conco7-daiice  of  the  Bible.  Rob- 
ert Young,  LL  D.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls.)  Clear. 
Complete.  Valuable.  Cruden's  is  probably 
the  best  small  concordance,  but  it  is  very  in- 
complete. 

2.  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible.  (Hough- 
ton, Mifflin  &  Co.)  Those  who  can  afford 
the  large  edition  should  wait  for  the  revision 
now  being  prepared.  There  is  a  handy  abridged 
edition. 

IX.  Maps  and  Charts. 

1.  Neiv  Testament  Map  of  Palestine.  (F.  H. 
Revell  Co.  $1.25.)  A  clear  map  with  not 
too  many  names  on  it — and  a  convenient  size 
lor  an  ordinary  class-room  or  study. 

2.  The  Public  Life  of  Christ.  C.  J.  Kephart, 
A.  M.  (F.  H.  Revell  Co.)  An  invaluable 
chart,  map.  and  graphic  harmony  of  the  Gos- 
pels.    Indispensable  for  this  course. 

3.  Bible  Illustrations,  (Soule  Photo.  Co., 
33S  Washington  St.,  Boston,  Mass.)  Photos 
selected  Irom  the  works  of  leadmg  masters. 
Secure  catalogue  from  bookseller  or  from  the 
publishers. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  XVll 

X.    Special  Books  of  Reference. 

1.  Imago  Christi.  James  Stalker,  D.D. 
(American  Tract  Society.)  A  choice  practical 
and  devotional  volume,  setting  forth  Christ  as 
an  example. 

2.  Studies  in  the  Gospels.  Richard  C.  Trench, 
D.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)  Sixteen  scholarly 
studies  on  central  gospel  themes. 

3.  Studies  in  the  Life  of  Christ.  A.  M.  Fair- 
bairn,  D.D.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.)  Eighteen 
Sunday  evening  discourses  on  important 
events.  Vigorous  and  orderly  in  treatment. 
Incentives  to  thought. 

4.  The  Trainifig  of  the  Tzuelve.  A.  B.  Bruce, 
D.D.  (A.  C.  Armstrong  &  Son.)  Passages 
Jut  of  the  Gospels  exhibiting  the  twelve  disci- 
ples of  Jesus  under  training  for  the  apostle- 
ship. 

5.  Pastor  Pastorum.  Henry  Latham,  M.A. 
(George  Bell  &  Sons,  London.)  A  thoughtful 
work  on  the  schooling  of  the  apostles  by  our 
Lord. 

6.  The  Son  of  Man  Among  the  Sons  of  Me7i. 
W.  Boyd  Carpenter,  D.D.  (Thomas  Whitta- 
ker.)  Twelve  studies  of  prominent  New  Testa- 
ment characters  in  their  connection  with  Jesus. 

7.  The  Great  Discourse.  (A,  D.  F.  Ran- 
dolph &  Co.)  A  topical  arrangement  and 
analysis  of  all  of  our  Lord's  words  recorded 
in  the  New  Testament,  separated  from  the 
context. 


XVlll  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

8,  Ecce  Deus.  Joseph  Parker,  D.D.  (Rob/ 
erts  Brothers.)  Essays  on  the  life  and  doc- 
trine of  Jesus.  A  vigorous  apologetic  for  thie 
Divinity  of  our  Lord.  Controverting  Unita- 
rian positions. 

XL    Poetry. 

1.  The  Christian  Year.  John  Keble,  M.A. 
(George  Routledge  &  Sons  and  F.  Warne  & 
Co.)  A  book  which  ought  to  be  in  every 
library. 

2.  Christ  in  Song.  Philip  SchafF,  D.D.  (A. 
D.  F.  Randolph  &  Co.)  A  careful  collection 
of  the  hymns  of  all  ages,  intended  for  private 
devotion  and  not  for  public  worship. 

3.  Poems  of  Places.  Edited  by  Henry  W. 
Longfellow.  The  volume  on  Asia  is  especially 
valuable  to  the  Biblical  student. 

4.  Christus.  Henry  W.  Longfellow.  (Hough- 
ton, Mifflin  &  Co.)  A  good  poem  to  be  read 
in  connection  with  the  New  Testament  text. 


Any  one  may  obtain  these  books,  or  informa- 
tion about  them,  by  applying  to  the  Interna- 
tional Committee  of  Young  Men's  Christian 
Associations,  40  East  Twenty-third  Street.  New 
York. 


STUDIES  IN  THE  LIFE  OF  JESUS. 


STUDY   I. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Sources  of  History. 

(1)  The  Gospels.  Why  four  ?  Juke's  "  Dif- 
ferences of  The  Four  Gospels."  Stalker,  p. 
153.  Farrar's  Introd.  to  Luke  in  Cambridge 
Bible.     See  table  on  next  page. 

(2)  The  Epistles — 

What  epistles  written  earlier  than  gospels? 

What  events  in  Christ's  life  are  confirmed 
by  the  epistles?  II  Pet.  i  :  17-18.  I  Cor. 
xi :  23  seq.     I  Tim.  vi  :  13.     I  Cor.  xv  :  3,  4. 

(3)  Heathen  and  Jewish  Writers — 
'Annals  '  of  Tacitus,  xv  :  44. 

'  Life  of  Nero,'  by  Seutonius. 

'  Antiquities  of  the  Jews,'  by  Josephus. 
xviii :  5,  2  ;  xviii  :  3,  3  ;  xx  :  9,  i. 

'  Letters  of  Pliny,'  xcvii.  xcviii. 

How  account  for  the  fact  that  Jesus  is  not 
noticed  more  frequently  in  contemporary  his- 
tory ? 

Genealogies. 

Why  does  Matt,  trace  genealogy  back 
through  line  of  kings  to  Abraham  ?  i :  1-16. 
Why  does  Mark  give  no  genealogy  ?  Why 
does  Luke  go  back  to  Adam?  111:23-38. 
Why  does  John  go  back  to  the  bosom  of  the 
Eternal  ?    i  :  i. 


22 


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3 


c 


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.OJ 
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a 

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"  kingdom" 

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0 

X  ^  8 

3 

1    ^ 
0) 

>— . 

C  OS 
0) 

tn 
m 
ii 

Ph 

S 
a 

a 

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c 

C/3 

Son  of  Man 
(Ecce  Homo) 

Son  of  God 
(Ecce  Deus) 

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fee 

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3 

Who  was 
writer. 

Matt,  ix  :9 
Mark  ii :  14 
Luke  V:  27 
Acts  i  :  13 

M 
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0 

^ 
S 

(U 

3 

3 

23 


For  an  interesting  discussion  of  the  two 
tables  in  Matt,  and  Luke  see  Andrews,  pp. 
55-60. 

"  The  opening  chapter  of  the  gospels 
is  more  than  a  catalogue  of  names.  It 
is  the  Old  Testament  summarized  ;  it  is 
human  history  in  miniature  ;  an  assem- 
bly of  the  Past  convened  to  witness  the 
birth  of  'the  holy  thing,  called  the  Son 
of  God.'  " — Joseph  Parker. 

The  Times. 

Geikie,  Life  of  Christ,  chap.  iii.  Edersheim, 
Bk.  i :  chap.  i.  Sketches  of  Jewish  Social  Life, 
by  Edersheim.     In  the  Time  of  Jesus,  by  Seidl. 

How  had  the  "fulness  of  time  "  come  ?  Note 
hat  the  world  was  under — 

(i)  One  government — What  Avas  it  ?  What 
benefits  accrued  from  it? 

(2)  One  intellectual  influence  —  Shew  the 
importance  of  this  as  a  bond  between  the 
nations  and  channel  for  the  spread  of  the 
gospel 

(3)  One  religious  condition  —  Lucretius 
denied  that  there  were  any  gods.  General 
dissatisfaction,  and  general  expectation  of  a 
change. 

"  The  last  great  age,  foretold  by  sacred  rhymes. 
Renews  its  finished  course  ;  Saturnian  times 
Roll  round  again  ;  and  mighty  years,  begun 
From  their  first  orb,  in  radiant  circles  run. 
The  base,  degenerate  iron  offspring  ends, 
A  golden  progeny  from  heaven  descends." 

—Virgil. 


24 


The  Land. 

Geikie,  chap.  ii.  "The  Form  of  the  Land 
and  its  Historical  Consequences  "  in  Smith's 
Geog.  of  Palestine.  Stapfer's  Palestine  in 
the  Times  of  Christ,  chap,  i,  ii.  "The  Land 
of  Promise,"  in  Northfield  Echoes,  1894. 
"  Palestine,"  Heber. 

Draw  outline  of  Palestine  on  blackboard 
and  notice  that  it  is  about  size  of  Vermont. 

Indicate  the  three  divisions  Galilee,  Samaria 
andjudea;  the  Jordan,  Sea  of  Galilee  and  Red 
Sea. 

Locate  the  four  principal  towns  connected 
with  Jesus'  life,  (i)  Bethlehem  (birth).  (2) 
Nazareth  (youth).  (3)  Capernaum  (ministry). 
(4)  Jerusalem  (death). 

The  especial  fitness  of  Palestine  to  be  the 
birth-place  of  Christianity  indicated  by — 

(i)  Its  Centrality.  Note  its  position  on  the 
map  of  the  ancient  world.  "The  ancients 
regarded  it  as  the  exact  center  of  the  earth  .  . 
.  .  The  connecting  link  between  Europe  and 
Asia." 

(2)  Its  Cosmopolitan  Character.  "Assyrians, 
Chaldeans,  Persians,  Greek,  Roman  and  Turk 
had  all  passed  through  it  at  different  times  to 
possess  the  Nile  Valley  and  left  their  stamp 
upon  it."  Hence  in  this  narrow  area  Chris- 
tianity was  presented  to  a  representative 
audience. 


25 


(3)  Its  Isolation.  Desert  on  East.  Medi- 
terranean on  West.  Yet  "a  separate  peo- 
ple"— foreign  influences  excluded. 

"  Those  holy  fields 
Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet, 
Which,  fourteen  hundred  years  ag^o,  were  nail'd. 
For  our  advantage,  on  the  bitter  cross." 

— Shakespeare. 

The  People. 

Geikie,  chap.  v.  Jewish  Social  Life,  by 
Edersheim,  chap.  xiii.      Stalker,  §§  30-32. 

(i)  Scribes  and  Pharisees. 

What  did  the  Pharisees  stand  for?  What 
was  the  attitude  of  the  Scribes  towards  the 
Scriptures  ? 

(2)  Sadducees, 

How  were  the  Sadducees  opposed  to  the 
Pharisees  ? 

(3)  Other  Classes. 

Who  were  the  Herodians  ?     Essenes  ? 
Describe  the  condition  of  the  common  peo- 
ple, publicans  and  sinners. 

Application. 

Ggs's  Guiding  Hand  in  History. 

"  God  moves  in  a  mysterious  way 

His  w.onders  to  perform  ; 
He  plants  His  footstep  in  the  sea. 

And  rides  upon  the  storm  ; 
Deep  in  unfathomable  mines 

Of  never-failing  skill 
He  treasures  up  His  bright  designs, 

And  works  His  Sovereign  Will." 


STUDY    II. 

PERIOD  OF  INFANCY. 

Protevangelion,  chap.  xiii.  "  The  Childhood 
of  Jesus,"  by  Dr.  Henry  van  Dyke,  Harper's 
Magazine,  Oct.,  1893.  Christ  Our  Life,  by 
Angus,  pp.  53-79.     Biblical  World,   Dec,   1896. 

I.     Annunciation. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii  :  chap,  iv,  Geikie,  chap, 
viii.  "The  Annunciation  of  the  Blessed  Vir- 
gin Mary,"  Keble. 

(i)  To  Mary,  Luke  i  :  26-35,  38- 

(a)  Time.  Explain  "  sixth  month,"  vs.  26, 
cf.   24,  36. 

(b)  Place.     Locate  Nazareth. 

(c)  Persons.  Other  missions  of  Gabriel  ? 
Dan.  viii  :i6  ;  ix  :  21.     Luke  i  ;  19. 

What  traits  in  Mary's  character  disclosed 
in  this  scene  ? 

Examine  the  six  statements  concerning 
Jesus  in  vs.  31-33,  and  cf.  Isa.  ix  :  6,  7. 

(2)  To  Joseph,  Matt,  i  :  18-23. 

Note  the  statement  concerning  Joseph's 
character  and  lineage,  vs.  19,  20. 

Meaning  of  the  names  Jesus,  Christ,  Im- 
manuel  ? 


27 

Note  Jesus' mission,  vs.  21.  Luke  ix  :  56, 
xix  :  10.     Matt,  ix  :  13. 

,     Nativity.     Luke  ii :  1-7. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii :  chap.  vi.  Farrar,  chap.  i. 
Stalker,  §§  1-5.  Geikie,  chap.  ix.  Milton's 
"On  the  morning  of  Christ's  Nativity." 
••Christmas  Day,"  Keble. 

(i)  Time. 

What  "days"?    vs.  i.   cf.  i  :  80. 

Date  of  Augustus'  reign  ?  On  Cyrenius,  see 
Stalker,  p.  156,  Andrews,  pp.  3-6,  70-73. 
Alford  in  loco. 

On  "Enrolment,"  see  Alford  iii  loco. 

(2)  Place. 

See  Andrews,  pp.  77-83. 

Birthplace?  Matt.  ii:i.  Why  there?  Matt. 
ii:5,  6. 

Distance  from  Nazareth?  •'  The  inn,"  vs.  7  = 
Karakviia.     cf.  Luke  ix  :  58. 

(3)  Persons. 

(a)  Joseph,  a  Galilean  and  Nazarene,  vs. 
4.  Distinguish  between  "Nazarene"  and 
"  Nazarite." 

(b)  Mary.     Explain  betrothal,  vs.  5. 

(c)  Jesus,  "firstborn,"  vs.  7. 

"  Cold  on  His  cradle  the  dew-drops  are  shining. 
Low  lies  His  head  with  the  beasts  of  the  stall ; 
Angels  adore  Him,  in  slumber  reclining — 
Maker,  and  Monarch,  and  Saviour  of  all ! " 

— Heber. 


28 


3.      Visit  of  the  Shepherds.     Luke  ii :  8-20. 

"The  Shepherd's  Song,"  Drummond.  "The 
Shepherds,"  Pierpont. 

Why  does  Luke  only  record  visit  of  shep- 
herds ?  If  the  "flock,"  vs.  8,  was  for  temple 
sacrifice,  consider  how  "  the  Lamb  of  God  " 
would  displace  them. 

Note  the  divinity  in  vs.  11  and  humanity  in 
vs.  12. 

Note  the  rustic  simplicity  of  the  passage. 

"  While  shepherds  watched  their  flocks  by  night, 
All  seated  on  the  ground  ; 
The  angels  of  the  Lord  came  down, 
And  glory  shone  around." 

Application. 

I.    What  is  the  meaning  to  zis  of  the  Incarnation  ? 

"'Thou  has  made  us  for  Thyself,' 
says  St.  Augustine,  'and  our  souls  are 
restless  till  they  rest  in  Thee.'  Christ  is 
not  only  the  desire  of  the  nations,  but 
he  is  also  the  desire  of  every  rational 
human  soul.  And  this  sore  need  never 
fully  satisfied  until  it  is  satisfied  by  the 
acceptance  of  the  Christ-idea  and  of  the 
Christ-life,  is  the  prophecy  in  every  soul 
of  his  advent  who  came,  not  only  to 
save  men  from  their  sins,  but  to  help 
them  find  themselves,  and  live  their 
lives  in  full  human  sympathy  and  activ- 
ity, but  in  the  light  and  by  the  guidance 
of  divine  ideals." — Outlook  Editorial. 


29 


2.   *'A^^  room  for  them  in  the  Intt."     Luke  ii  :7. 

No  room  for  Jesus  in  his  own  world.  John 
i :  ID. 

No  room  for  Jesus  in  his  own  nation.  John 
i :  II. 

No  room  for  Jesus  in  his  own  city.  Luke 
iv  :  29. 

"  Room  for  pleasure,  room  for  business. 
But  for  Christ  the  Crucified, 
Not  a  place  that  he  can  enter, 
In  the  heart  for  which  he  died." 


STUDY    III. 

PERIOD  OF  INFANCY  (Continued). 

1,  Circumcision.     Luke  ii :  21,  cf.  Matt,  i :  25. 
Edersheim,  Bk.   ii :  chap.  vii.     Farrar,  chap. 

ii.  Geikie,  chap.  X.  Milton,  "  Upon  the  Cir- 
cumcision." "The  Circumcision  of  Christ," 
Keble. 

Explain  "eight  days."  Lev.  xii :  2,  3.  cf. 
Phil,  iii :  5. 

Shew  how  the  rite  admitted  to  the  covenant. 
Gen.  xvii :  11,  12. 

"Association  with  such  a  strictly 
Jewish  rite  made  it  the  symbol  of  the 
child's  admission  into  the  Congregation 
of  Israel,  of  which  he  was  henceforth  a 
member.  The  infant  Jesus  was  now  an 
acknowledged  Israelite. " — Geikie. 

For  significance  to  us  see  Heb.  ii :  16. 

"  He  who  with  all  Heaven's  heraldry,  whilere 
Entered  the  world  now  bleeds  to  give  us  ease. 
Alas  !  how  soon  our  sin 
Sore  doth  begin 

His  infancy  to  seize  !"  — Milton. 

2.  Presentation.     Luke  ii :  22-38. 

For  the  rite  see    Ex.   xiii :  2.     Num.   xviii : 
15,  16. 
Its  significance  to  Jesus  ? 
Note  the  agency  of  the  Spirit,  vs.  25,  26.  2." . 


31 


Learn  the  "  Nunc  Dimittis." 

What  light  do  the  statements  regarding 
Simeon,  vs.  25,  and  Anna,  vs.  38.  give  regard- 
ing the  general  expectation? 

3.      Visit  of  Magi.     Matt,  ii  :  1-12. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii  :  chap.  viii.  Farrar,  chap, 
iii.  Stalker,  §9.  Geikie,  chap.  xi.  Chapter 
on  Magi  in  Ben  Hur.  Robertson's  sermon, 
"The  Star  in  the  East."  "  The  Three  Kings," 
Longfellow.  "The  Star  of  Bethlehem,"  He- 
ber.     "  They  Gave  to  Thee,"  Jeremy  Taylor. 

(i)  Place. 

Why  Bethlehem  of  Judea?  vs.  i,  5.  Dis- 
tance from  Jerusalem  ?    What  prophet  ?     vs.  5. 

(2)  Time. 

Date  of  Herod  the  Great?  How  may  the 
star  bear  upon  the  time  ?     See  Alford  in  loco. 

(3)  Persons. 

Who  were  the  Wise  Men  ?  Contrast  their 
motive  and  that  of  Herod  in  finding  Jesus. 
The  early  Fathers  represented  the  gifts  as 
signifying  gold,  the  king  ;  frankincense,  the 
burial  ;    myrrh,  the  suffering. 

•'As  they  offered  gifts  most  rare, 
At  Thy  cradle  rude  and  bare, 
So  may  we  with  holy  joy. 
Pure  and  free  from  sin's  alloy, 
All  our  costliest  treasures  bring, 
Christ,  to  Thee,  our  heavenly  King." 


32 


4.  The  Flight.     Matt,  ii  :  13-15. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii  :  chap.  viii.  Farrar,  chap, 
iv.     Geikie  end,  chap.  xi.     Stalker,  §  10. 

The  only  occasion  on  which  Jesus  left  Pal- 
estine. 

Egypt  had  at  least  a  million  Jews  with  syn- 
agogues, etc.,  so  Joseph  would  be  at  home 
with  his  own  countrymen. 

Note  the  peculiar  use  of  prophecy,  vs.  15. 
Cf.  Hos.  xi  :  I. 

5.  Herod's  Cruelty.     Matt,  ii  :  t6-i8. 

Geikie,  chap.  iv. 

Only  male  children  slain,     vs.  t6,  R.  V. 

This  cruelty  was  in  keeping  with  the  char- 
acter of  a  king  who  had  obtained  his  throne 
by  bloodshed,  and  put  to  death  his  wife  and 
three  sons. 

6.  Return  to  Nazareth.     Matt,  ii  :  19-23.     Luke 
ii  :  39. 

Third  appearance  of  the  angel  to  Joseph, 
i  :  20,  ii :  13,  19. 

How  was  the  kingdom  divided  at  Herod's 

death  ? 

Note  the  peculiar  use  of   prophecy  again, 

vs.  23. 


33 

Application. 

1.  The  value  of  the  old  Covenant  seen  in  the  neiv. 

"  Both  theirs  and  ours  Thou  art, 
As  we  and  they  are  Thine  ; 
Kings,  Prophets,  Patriarchs— all  have  part 
Along  the  sacred  line. 

By  blood  and  water,  too, 

God's  mark  is  set  on  Thee, 
That  in  Thee  every  faithful  view 

Both  Covenants  might  see, 

O  bond  of  union,  dear 

And  strong  as  is  Thy  grace  ! 
Saints,  parted  by  a  thousand  year. 

May  thus  in  heart  embrace." 

— Keble  s  ''''The  Circutncision  oy  Clu-isty 

2.  Consider  the  attittide  towards  Jesus  of  different 
classes. 

Seeking  the  Saviour=wise  men. 
Neglecting  the  Saviour  =  priests. 
Opposing  the  Saviour  =  Herod. 


STUDY    IV. 

PERIOD  OF  GROWTH. 

Boyhood  and  Youth. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii  :  chap.  x.  Farrar,  chaps. 
V,  vi,  vii.  Stalker,  §§  11-24.  Geikie,  chaps, 
xiii,  xvi.     Lew  Wallace's  "  Boyhood  of  Christ." 

Why  are  the  accounts  of  this  period  so  meagre  ? 

I,     At  Nazareth.     Luke  ii  :  39,  40,  51,   52,      See 
Smith's  B.  D. 

(i)  The  Town. 

Situation  ?     See  map.     Cf.  Luke  iv  :  29. 
How  suited  to  be  the  place  of  his  boyhood  ? 
Influence    of    its    surroundings    upon    his 
speech  ?  upon  his  habits  of  life  ? 

(2)  The  Family. 

(a)  Joseph.      His  lineage?     Luke  ii  :  4. 
His  character?     Matt,  i  :  19. 

His  trade.     Matt,    xxii  :  55. 
Probably  he  died  in  Jesus'  youth  and  Jesus 
was  left  to  support  the  family. 

(b)  Mary.    Prominent  characteristics? 
How  does  the  Magnificat  (Luke  i  :  46-55) 

reveal  her  knowledge  of  Scripture? 

Meditative.     Luke  ii  :  19,  51. 

What  was  Jesus'  attitude  towards  his  par- 
ents ?     vs.  51.     Cf.  John  xix  :  26,  27. 


35 


(c)  Brothers  and  sisters.  See  Matt,  xiii  : 
55,  56. 

Their  attitude  to  him  during  his  ministr)' 
(John  vii:5)?  and  after  the  resurrection 
(Acts  i  :  14)  ? 

(3)  Education. 

(a)  Famil)'  Training.  For  Jewish  child's 
home  training,  see  Deut.  vi,  xi. 

Probably  Christ  learned  the  Shema(Deut. 
vi  :  4-9,  cf.  Mark  xii :  29-32)  and  the  Hallel 
(Psa.  cxiii-cxviii,  cf.  Matt,  xxi  :  9,  42,  xxiii  : 
29  ;  Mark  xii  :  lo-ii  ;  Luke  xiii  :  35  xx  :  17  ; 
John  xii  :  13.) 

He  knew  and  practiced  the  fifth  command- 
ment (Luke  ii  :  51). 

What  other  indications  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment of  the  home  influence  ? 

(b)  Industrial  Training. 

Learned  his  father's  trade.     Mark  vi :  3. 

What  metaphors  does  he  draw  from  his 
trade?    e.  g.,  Matt,  xi  :  29,  30. 

Consider  how  his  occupation  would  afford 
opportunity  for  study  of  human  nature. 

(c)  Religious  Training. 

Note  his  familiarity  with  the  Scriptures 
(e.  g.,  Matt,  iv  :  4,  7,  10)  and  tradition 
(Mark  vii  :  3-13). 

Where  did  he  receive  his  early  lessons  in 
prayer  ? 

With  what  languages  was  Jesus  familiar? 


36 

2.     At  Jerusalem.     Luke  ii  :  41-50. 

(i)  Jesus  and  his  parents. 

Explain  "his  parents  went  to  Jerusalem 
every  year  "  (vs.  i)  and  Jesus  went  "  when  he 
was  twelve  years  old"  (vs.  42). 

Note  the  motherly  tenderness  of  vs.  48. 

How  account  for  the  misunderstanding  of 
vs.  50? 

(2)  Jesus  and  the  doctors. 

Was  Jesus  in  the  temple  to  cross-examine 
or  to  learn  ?     vs.  46. 

What  custom  referred  to  in  "sitting"  (vs. 
46)  ?  cf.  Acts  xxii  :  3. 

Does  vs.  47  indicate  human  limitations  or 
divine  knowledge? 

Significance  of  Jesus'  first  recorded  words 
(vs.  49)  ? 

Application, 

T.    Threc-fo/d    development — physically^    mentally 
and  spiritually .     vs.  40. 

"  Body — Soul — Spirit  ;  it  is  the  com- 
bination of  these  three  which  makes  up 
our  mortal  nature  ;  it  is  the  due  relations 
between  these  three  which  constitute 
our  sole  possible  happiness  ;  it  is  the 
right  training  of  these  three  that  is  the 
object  of  that  life-long  education  which 
should  begin  with  our  earliest  years,  and 
end  only  with  the  grave." — Farrar. 


37 


2.    The  early  formation  of  a  life  purpose,     vs.  49. 

"  The  men  who  have  filled  the  largest 
space  in  the  eyes  of  the  world,  and  who 
have  achieved  the  most  striking  results 
have  commonly  been  those  who  were  ac- 
tuated by  some  master-passion.  Their 
souls  from  youth  were  occupied  with 
some  great  purpose  which  subordinated 
everything  else  to  itself.  They  were  in 
a  certain  sense  '  men  of  One  idea.'  For 
though  their  souls  may  have  contained 
many  ideas,  )'et  a  single  aim  directed, 
employed  and  animated  them  all.  The 
master-passion  appropriated  them  to  it- 
self and  on  the  inner  throne  of  the  heart, 
wielded  an  undisputed  sceptre." — T.  L. 
Cuyler. 

"  I  count  life  just  a  staff 
To  try  the  soul's  strength  on,  educe  the  man 
Who  keeps  one  end  in  view,  makes  all  things  serve." 


STUDY    V. 

PERIOD  OF   PREPARATION. 

The  Baptism. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii:chap.  xii.  Farrar,  chap,  viii. 
Stalker,  §§44-49.  GeiRie,  chap.  xxvi.  Stalker's 
"The  Two  St.  Johns,"  pp.  189-259. 

I.     John  the  Baptist.     Matt,  iii :  1-12.      "  St.  John 
Baptist's  Day,"  Keble. 

(i)  His  Mission. 

What  is  the  significance  of  the  prophecy  ? 
Mai.  iv  :  5,  6.   cf.  Matt,  xvii :  12,13. 

His  special  function  as  forerunner?  Isa. 
xl :  3.     cf.  John,  i  ;  22,23. 

The  two  key-notes  of  his  preaching  ?  Matt, 
iii :  2. 

Did  the  rite  of  baptism  orginate  with  John  ? 

His  reason  for  baptizing?     John  i :  31. 

What  was  and  is  its  significance  ? 

(2)  John's  testimony  to  Jesus. 

Note  the  three  occasions  on  which  he  testifies 
to  Christ.     John  i :  19-28,  29,  36  ;   iii :  25-30. 

His  conception  of  Jesus  shown  by  the  three 
names  applied  to  him  ?     John  i :  34,  39  ;  iii :  29. 


39 


(3)  Jesus'  testimony  to  John. 

How  are  his  personal  character,  his  pro- 
phetic greatness,  his  success  and  his  failure 
reflected  in  Matt,  xi  :  7-19? 

2.    Jesus  Baptized.     Matt,  iii :  13-17, 
"  Baptism  of  Christ,"  N.  P.  Willis. 

Study  parallel  accounts  in  Mark  i :  9-11,  and 
Luke  iii :  21-23,  noting  added  particulars. 

Jesus'  age  at  baptism?  vs.  13  "then"  cf. 
Luke  iii :  23. 

His  reason  for  being  baptized  ?  vs.  15.  Not 
chance  but  design,  for  roh  (SaivTiadrjvaL  (vs.  13) 
=  genitive  of  purpose. 

How  different  from  reason  for  baptism  of 
others?     See  vs.  6. 

What  accompaniments  attest  the  importance 
of  the  event?     vs.  16,  17. 

What  cause  does  Luke  assign  for  the  descent 
of  the  Holy  Spirit?  Luke  iii :  21.  cf.  Luke 
ix  :  29. 

Note  the  emphasis  added  by  the  presence  of 
the  Trinity,     vs.  16,  17. 

'''I ad Jordanum  et  videbis  Trinitatem." 

The  effect  of  Jesus'  baptism  on  John  the 
Baptist  ?    John  i :  34. 

Was  the  baptism  a  preparation  for  the  temp- 
tation ?     See  Luke  iv  :  i. 


40 


Application. 

1.  Willingness  to  decrease  that  Christ  may  increase. 

"  Higher  than  the  highest  heavens, 
Deeper  than  the  deepest  sea, 
Lord,  Thy  love  at  last  has  conquered  ; 
Grant  me  now  my  soul's  desire, 
None  of  self  and  all  of  Thee." 

—  Theo.  Monod. 

2.  Self -consecration  an  act  of  obedience. 

"  Take  my  life  and  let  it  be 
Consecrated,  Lord,  to  Thee." 


STUDY    VI. 

PERIOD    OF    PREPARATION   (Continued). 

The  Temptation.     Matt.  iv:i-ii. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap.  i.  Farrar,  chap.  ix. 
Stalker,  §§  50-53.  Geikie,  chap,  xxvii.  Three 
addresses  by  Bishop  Hall  in  "Northfield  Echoes" 
for  1895.  Selections  from  "  Pastor  Pastorum," 
by  Latham.  "  Manhood's  Struggle  and  Victory," 
in  Sunday  Mornings  in  Battell  ChapeL  Milton's 
"Paradise  Regained."  "The  Temptation," 
Longfellow. 

I .      Circumstances. 

(i)  Time. 

Matt.   =   "  then"  :  Mark  =   "straightway." 
Luke  :  =  "  returned  from  the  Jordan." 

(2)  Place.     "  The  wilderness." 

(3)  Persons. 

(a)  Jesus,  baptized,  anointed  by  the  Holy 
Spirit  and  accepted  by  the  Father. 

(b)  Holy  Spirit. 

(c)  The  devil. 

Does  the  reading  of  the  narrative  lead  to 
the  impression  of  an  evil  influence  or  an 
evil  personality? 


42 


Comparison  of  Accounts.  Matt,  iv  :  i-ii. 
Mark  i :  12,  13.     Luke  iv  :  1-13. 

Note  Mark's  condensed  and  vivid  account. 
Additions  in  Luke  "full  of  the  Holy  Ghost," 
"from  Jordan,"  "  in  a  moment  of  time,"  "  to 
Jerusalem,"  "  devil  leaveth  him  for  a  season." 

.     First  Temptation,     vs.  3,  4. 

Why  would  the  stones  suggest  loaves  {hproC)  ? 

Why  was  the  first  temptation  aimed  at  Jesus' 
appetite?     cf.  vs.  2.     Luke  iv  :  2. 

Show  how  the  first  temptation  was  to  secure 
a  good  thing  by  doubtful  means. 

What  is  the  meaning  of  Jesus'  reply? 

..      Second  Temptation,     vs.  5-7. 

Show  how  the  second  temptation  was  to 
presumption  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  "tempt"  in  vs.  7, 
and  the  import  of  the  reply? 

;.      Third  Temptation,     vs.  8-10. 

Show  how  the  third  temptation  was  to  secure 
power  by  illegitimate  means. 

Jesus  refuses  utterly  to  compromise. 

How  do  Jesus'  replies  show  familiarity  with 
Deuteronomy? 

Note  the  typical  aspect  of  the  three  tempta- 
tions.    Gen.  iii :  6,  cf.  I  John  ii :  16. 

"  The  three  temptations  include  all 
the  temptations  which  come  to  the 
Christian — temptations   to    his    natural 


43 


instincts,  temptations  to  his  spiritual 
desires,  temptations  to  his  efforts  to 
bring  the  world  to  Christ.  The  wilder- 
ness, the  temple,  the  mountain  ;  soli- 
tude, sanctity,  society  :  these  three.  In 
all  the  Captain  of  our  salvation  tri- 
umphed and  triumphed  for  us." — Presi- 
dent Weston. 

The  Result. 

Through  what  instrument  did  Jesus  gain  the 
victory  ? 

Did  Satan  tempt  Jesus  later?  cf.  iv:i3. 
Matt,  xvi  :23. 

What  do  the  temptations  prove  concerning 
the  Saviour's  humanity  ? 

The  significance  of  the  victory  to  us  ?  Heb. 
ii :  i8  ;  iv  :  15,  16. 

'*  The  desert  Thy  temptations  knew, 
Thy  conflict  and  Thy  victory  too." 


Application. 

How  to  meet  the  temptations  of  life. 

Robert  McCheyne,  on  being  asked  what  was 
his  secret  power  over  temptation,  replied, 
'■  Prayerful  Watchfulness," 

"  Here  are  three  hints  meant  alike  for 
the  youngest  and  for  the  eldest:  resist 
in  the  heart;  "resist  step  by  step  ;  resist 
insidious  attacks,  no  less  than  sudden 
attacks." — Farrar. 


44 


2.    The  value  of  temptation  in  moral  development. 

"  Temptation  sharp  ?    Thank  God  a  second  time  ! 
Why  comes  temptation  but  for  man  to  meet 
And  master,  and  make  crouch  beneath  his  feet, 
And  so  be  pedestaled  in  triumph." 

— Browning. 


*' God  permits  temptation  because  it 
does  for  us  what  the  storms  do  for  the 
oaks — it  roots  us  ;  and  what  the  fire 
does  for  the  painting  on  porcelain — it 
makes  us  permanent.  You  never  know 
that  you  have  a  grip  on  Chrrst  or  that 
He  has  a  grip  on  you  so  well  as  when 
the  devil  is  using  all  his  force  to  attract 
you  from  Him  ;  then  you  feel  the  pull 
of  Christ's  right  hand."— i^.  B.  Meyer. 


STUDY    VII. 

PERIOD  OF  INTRODUCTION. 

I.     First  Disciples.     John  1:35-51. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  ii  :  chap,  iii,  pp.  342-350. 
Farrar,  chap.  x.  Stalker,  §  57.  Geikie, 
chap,  xxviii,  pp.  463-470. 

(1)  Andrew  and  John.    vs.  35-40. 

What  is  the  connection  of  "  the  next  day"? 

Reasons  for  supposing  that  one  of  the  two 
was  John  the  evangelist? 

How  were  they  fitted  for  being  Jesus'  disci- 
ples? vs.  35. 

What  does  their  willingness  to  follow  the 
Rabbi  indicate  ? 

(2)  Simon,     vs.  41,  42. 

Note  the  enlarging  sphere  of  Andrew's  per- 
sonal work  —  brother,  neighbors,  heathen, 
John  i :  41  ;  vi  :  S,  g  ;  xii  :  21,  22. 

Meaning  of  names,  Simon,  Cephas  and 
Peter? 

Upon  what  evidence  does  Peter  come  to 
Jesus  ? 

When  was  Jesus'  prophec)',  vs.  42,  fulfilled  ? 
Matt,  xvi :  18. 


46 

(3)  Philip,     vs.  43,  44. 

''The  Calling  of  Philip  and  Nathanael." 
Trench's  Studies  in  the  Gospels,  No.  2. 

Did  Andrew  or  Jesus  find  Philip  ?  see  R.  V. 
What  did  the  "Follow  me"  mean  to  Philip  ? 

(4)  Nathanael.     vs.  45-51. 

"  St,  Bartholomew,*'  Keble. 
Meaning  of  Nathanael's  question? 
Traits  in  Nathanael's  character? 
How  did  Jesus  read  him  ?  ii  :  25. 
Meaning  of  Jesus'  promise?  vs.  50,  51. 

Does  the  text  indicate  that  these  men  were 
looking  for  the  Messiah?  vs.  41. 

What  means  had  they  taken  to  discover 
him  ?  vs.  45. 

How  would  these  facts  fit  them  for  disciple- 
ship  ? 

2.     First  Miracle.     John  ii  :  i-ii. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap.  Iv.  Farrar,  chap, 
xi.  Stalker,  §  58.  Geikie,  chap,  xxix,  pp. 
471-480. 

(This  miracle  is  introduced  only  because  of 
its  connection  with  the  "  Period  of  Introduc- 
tion."—  See  Preface.') 

Why  did  Jesus  take  the  disciples  to  the 
marriage  ? 

What  was  the  eflfect  of  the  miracle  on  them  ? 


47 


Application, 

I.  The  art  of  bringing  men  to  Jesus — the  greatest 
art  in  the  world. 

"  He  that  winneth  souls  is  wise."  Prov. 
xi  :  30  ;  but  consider  diligently  the  R.  V.  ren- 
dering "  He  that  is  wise  winneth  souls." 

See  Spurgeon^ s  ''''The  Soul  Winner.'' 

3.  The  possibilities  wrapped  tip  in  bringing  one 
man  to  Jesus  —  e.  g.  Andrew  brought  Peter, 
and  Peter  on  the  day  of  Pentecost  brought 
three  thousand. 

"  First  seek  thy  Saviour  out,  and  dwell 
Beneath  the  shadow  of  His  roof, 
Till  thou  have  scanned  His  features  well 
And  known  Him  for  the  Christ  by  proof  : 

Such  proof  as  they  are  sure  to  find 

Who  spend  with  Him  their  happy  days, 

Clean  hands  and  a  self-ruling  mind 
Ever  in  tune  for  love  and  praise. 

Then,  potent  with  the  spell  of  Heaven, 

Go,  and  thine  erring  brother  gain. 
Entice  him  home  to  be  forgiven. 

Till  he,  too,  sees  his  Saviour  plain." 

— "  St.  Andreiv  s  Day^^  in  Keble  s  "  Christian  Year.^' 


STUDY   VIII. 

PERIOD  OF  INTRODUCTION  (Continued). 

I.     First  Passover.     John  ii  :  12-25. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap.  v.  Farrar,  chap, 
xiii.  Stalker,  §  59.  Geikie,  chap,  xxx,  pp. 
492-502. 

(i)  At  Capernaum,  en  route,     vs.  12. 

What  do  the  words  "went  down"  shew 
concerning  the  position  of  Capernaum? 

Why  does  John  record  this  trip?  Renan 
says  that  "it  constitutes  a  decisive  triumph 
for  John's  gospel  that  the  fact  is  recorded." 
The  natural  and  simple  statement  bears  the 
stamp  of  actual  occurrence.  John  remembers 
those  "  not  many  days." 

(2)  Cleansing  the  Temple,     vs.  13-22. 

For  passovers,  see  John  v  :  i  ;  vi :  4  ;   xii  :  i. 

What  does  Jesus'  claim  regarding  the  temple 
signify?  Cf.  his  remark  17  years  before; 
Luke  ii :  49. 

Did  the  condition  of  the  temple  improve  ? 
Cf.  Matt,  xxi :  13. 

Note  the  effect  of  his  act  on  (a)  disciples, 
(b)  Jews,  (c)  those  driven  out. 

Note  how  Jesus  exhibits  the  zeal  and  inspira- 
tion of  a  prophet,  and  thus  proves  his  Mes- 
siahship. 


49 


Distinguish  between  the  words  lepov,  vs.  14, 
and  vadg,  vs.  19. 

Find  other  instances  of  misunderstanding 
Jesus'  words,  vs.  20,  e.  g.  John  iv  :  33  ;  xi :  12  ; 
xiv:5. 

Note  how  Jesus  in  his  answer  to  the  Jews 
exhibits  the  other  side  of  the  prophetic  office — 
viz.  outlook  towards  the  future. 

He  has  now  convinced  the  disciples  by  the 
miracle  at  Cana  (i)  of  his  power  ;  and  by  the 
cleansing  of  the  temple  and  answers  to  Jews, 
(2)  of  his  prophetic  office. 

(3)  Effects  of  his  Miracles,     vs.  23-25. 

These  verses  should  begin  chap.  iii. 

Was  there  any  spiritual  connection  between 
the  miracles  and  the  belief  ? 

What  effect  on  the  Galileans?     John  iv  ;45. 

2.      First  Conversation — ^mth  a  ruler  of  the  Jezvs. 
John  iii  :  1-15. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap.  vi.  Farrar,  chap, 
xiv.  Stalker,  §  60.  Geikie,  chap,  xxx,  pp. 
503-508. 

(r)  Character  of  Nicodemus. 

What  led  him  to  seek  Jesus? 
What  three  statements  concerning  his  posi- 
tion ? 


5° 


What  leads  us  to  think  that  he  was  timid, 
cultivated  and  speculative  ? 

What  light  do  other  references  shed  on  his 
character  ?     vii :  50  ;  xix  :  39. 

(2)  Jesus'  Method  of  dealing  with  him. 

Does  Jesus  answer  the  questions  on  Nico- 
demus'  lips,  or  the  questions  of  his  heart? 

What  truth  does  he  emphasize  concerning 
the  nature  of  the  kingdom? 

What  does  he  say  regarding  the  method  of 
entering  it  ? 

What  illustrations  does  he  employ  from 
nature  and  from  history? 

What  cardinal  gospel  truth  enunciated? 

Note  John's  commentar)'^,  iii  :  16-21. 


Application 

I.  Consider  some  of  the  temples  to  be  cleansed  in 
college  life^  e.  g.  the  temples  of  college  honor, 
purity,  politics. 

"It  is  our  choice  whether  we  shall 
put  honors  before  honor,  or  put  honor 
before  everything,  whether  we  shall  be 
the  cadets  of  truth  or  the  cadavers  of 
falsehood.  If  as  St.  Paul  wrote,  it  was 
true  that  no  man  is  crowned  in  the 
games  except  he  have  contended  accord- 
ing to  the  rules ^^  far  more  is  true  in  the 
Olympics  of  character."  —  President 
Stryker, 


51 

2.  Regeneration    (not   merely   reformation)   neces- 
sary for  entrance  to  the  kingdom  of  God. 

"Regeneration,"  says  Dr.  Dale,  "is 
sometimes  described  as  though  it  were 
merely  a  change  in  a  man's  principles 
of  conduct,  in  his  character,  his  tastes, 
his  habits.  If  regeneration  were  noth- 
ing more  than  this  we  should  have  to 
speak  of  a  man  as  being  more  or  less 
regenerate  according  to  the  extent  of 
his  moral  reformation  ;  but  this  would 
be  contrary  to  the  idiom  of  New  Testa- 
ment thought  ....  The  simplest  and 
most  obvious  account  of  regeneration  is 
the  truest  ;  when  a  man  is  regenerated 
he  receives  a  new  life,  and  receives  it 
from  God.  In  itself  regeneration  is 
not  a  change  of  his  old  life  but  the 
beginning  of  a  new  life." 


STUDY    IX. 

PERIOD   OF   OBSCURITY. 

Judean  Ministry.     John  iii :  22  ;  iv  .  1-3. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap,  vii,  pp.  390-394. 
Farrar,  chap,  xiv,  pp.  201-204.  Stalker, 
§§  61-65.      Geikie,  chap,  xxxi,  pp.  509-512. 

How  extensive  was  the  ministry?  cf.  Acts 
x:  37- 

How  explain  the  lack  of  records  for  this 
period  ? 

Why  does  John  alone  notice  it  ? 

The  attitude  of  the  Pharisaic  party  towards 
John  the  Baptist  and  Jesus? 

Why  did  Jesus  take  up  the  work  of  the  Bap- 
tist at  this  time  ? 

Why  does  he  commit  to  his  disciples  the 
actual  work  of  baptizing? 

"The  whole  Judean  ministry  is  an 
appeal  to  the  people  to  receive  him  as 
the  Messiah  through  the  divinely  con- 
stituted heads." — Andrews. 


PERIOD  OF  POPULARITY. 

In  Samaria.     John  iv  :  3-42. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii:  chap.  viii.  Farrar,  chap. 
XV.  Geikie,  chap,  xxxi,  pp.  517-532.  "The 
Well  of  Sychar."— Sir  Edward  Denny.  "  Christ 
and  the  Samaritan  Woman,"  Trench's  Studies 
in  the  Gospels  No.  3. 

(i)  Conversation  with  a  Samaritan  Woman, 
vs.  3-26. 

Why  did  Jesus  go  from  Judea  to  Galilee  via 
Samaria  ? 

Reasons  for  the  Jew's  enmit)^  to  the  Samar- 
itans?    cf.  Ezra  iv  :  2,  3. 

How  did  Jesus  regard  them  ?  cf.  Luke  x  :  30  ; 
xvii :  15. 

Character  of  the  woman? 

What  did  she  unlearn  and  learn  regarding 
the  nature  of  true  worship  ? 

Trace  stages  in  the  growth  of  her  faith. 

What  great  revelation  concerning  himself 
did  Jesus  finally  make  to  her  ? 

What  qualities  are  apparent  in  Jesus'  method 
of  dealing  with  her  ? 


54 


(2)  The  Gospel  in  Sychar.     vs.  27-42. 

What  impression  did  Jesus  make  on  the 
woman  ? 

What  was  her  first  impulse  after  conversion  ? 

The  results  of  her  testimony? 

What  were  the  white  fields  to  which  Jesus 
referred  ? 

What  is  opposed  to  "natural  law  in  the 
spiritual  world  "  in  Jesus'  teaching  here  ? 

Application. 

1.  Naturalness  a^td  directness  in  conversation  about 
spiritual  things. 

"  Thou  must  be  true  thyself 

If  thou  the  truth  would  teach  ; 

Thy  soul  must  overflow  if  thou 
Another's  soul  would  st  reach  ; 

It  needs  the  overflow  of  heart 
To  give  the  lips  full  speech." 

2.  What  are  some  of  the  white  harvest  fields  ready 
for  us  to  reap  ? 

"  Hark  !  the  voice  of  Jesus  calling, 
Who  will  go  and  work  to-day  ? 
Fields  are  white,  the  harv^est  waiting. 

Who  will  bear  the  sheaves  away  ? 
Loud  and  long  the  Master  calleth, 

Rich  reward  he  offers  free  ; 
Who  will  answer,  gladly  saying, 
'  Here  am  I,  O.  Lord,  send  me  ? '  " 


STUDY    X. 

PERIOD    OF    POPULARITY  —  Galilean 
Ministry. 

This  study  illustrates  Jesus'  plan  of  work. 

1.  Selection  of  headquarters. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap.  xi.  Farrar,  chap, 
xvi.     Stalker,  §§69-75.     Geikie,  chap,  xxxii. 

(i)  Rejection  at  Nazareth.     Luke  iv  :  16-30, 

Why  did  Jesus  go  to  Nazareth  first? 

What  was  the  offence  which  led  to  rejection  ? 

(2)  Capernaum  chosen.     Matt,  iv  :  12-17. 

What  reasons  are  suggested  for  the  choice 
of  Capernaum  ? 

Were  the  Galileans  ready  to  receive  him  ? 
cf.  John  iv  :  45. 

2.  Enlisting  four  disciples.     Matt,  iv  :  18-22. 
Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap.  xiii.     Farrar,  chap. 

xvii,  pp.  2./i^\-i/\Z . 

Where  did  he  meet  three  of  these  men  before  ? 

For  what  purpose  did  Jesus  gather  them  ? 

Peculiar  appropriateness  of  the  metaphor 
which  Jesus  used? 

Compare  the  results  to  the  world  of  the  calls 
to  Abraham,  and  to  Moses,  with  the  call  to 
these  four. 


56 

3.  A  typical  day.     Mark  i  :  21-34. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  ;  chap.  xiv.  Farrar,  chap, 
xvii,  pp.  235-240.  Stalker,  §§  76-104.  Geikie, 
chap    xxxiii,  pp.  i-ii. 

(i)  Teaching. 

Where  was  Jesus  found  on  Sabbath  morning  ? 

What  do  we  know  of  the  form  and  style  of 
his  teaching  ? 

What  four  qualities  did  the  people  note  in 
the  teacher?  vs.  22.  Luke  iv  :  22,  32;  John 
vii ;  26. 

What  was  the  central  idea  of  Jesus'  teaching  ? 

(2)  Healing. 

Why  did  Jesus  employ  miracles  ? 

Were  the  miracles  illustrations  of  his  teach- 
ing? 

How  are  the  miracles  recorded  here  symbols 
of  his  spiritual  and  saving  work? 

4.  Tours  into  surrounding  towns.     Mark  i  :  35- 

39 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap,  xv,  Geikie,  chap, 
xxxiii,  pp.  12-17. 

Andrews  (pp.  223-227)  traces  nine  circuits 
with  a  return  to  Capernaum  in  each  case. 

"A  regular  concerted  plan  of  periodical  vis- 
itation,"— Alexander. 

Make  a  list  of  the  tours  in  the  Galilean  min- 
istry, noting  the  main  events  under  each,  and 
illustrating  by  use  of  Kephart's  chart. 

How  did  Jesus  prepare  for  these  tours  ? 
vs.  35. 


57 


How  did  he  end  them?     Luke  v  :  i6. 
What  do  we  know  of  the  size  and  character 
of  his  audiences  and  places  of  work  ? 

Application. 

I    The  personal  equation    in   enlisting    workers — 
'' Follow  Me y 

See  "  Devotion  to  a  Person  the  Dynamic  of 
Religion,"  in  Watson's  "  Mind  of  the  Master." 

2.  A  definite  plan  essential  for  effective  work. 

"Thoroughness,  in  plan,  in  aim  and 
in  execution  is  an  essential  condition  of 
success  in  Christian  work.  Without  it 
no  true  foundation  can  be  laid  at  the 
outset ;  without  it  the  aftergrowth  will 
be  feeble,  irregular,  disappointing.  We 
must  follow  the  Lord  fully." — Thorold. 

Speaking  of  the  "  Purposefulness  "  of 
Jesus' life,  Stalker  says:  "Most  lives 
aim  at  nothing  in  particular,  but  drift 
along,  under  the  influence  of  varying 
moods  and  instincts  or  on  the  currents 
of  society,  and  achieve  nothing.  But 
Jesus  had  a  definite  object  before  Him 
which  absorbed  His  thoughts,  and  drew 

out  His  energies This  imparted 

an  earnestness  and  rapidity  of  execu- 
tion to  His  life  which  most  lives 
altogether  lack." 

"  He  wrought  at  his  work  with  a  plan 
and  in  accordance  with  clear  principles." 
— R.  E.  Speer. 


58 


Context. 

From  this  point  on  so  much  is  necessarily  omitted 
in  the  studies  in  accordance  with  the  principle  of 
selection  stated  in  the  Preface,  that  it  seems  desira- 
ble to  give  the  context  in  running  order.  The 
salient  features  of  the  period  are  also  sujnmed  up. 

Between  Studies  X  and  XI  Jesus  has  returned 
to  Capernaum,  and  the  people,  including  Scribes 
and  Pharisees,  flock  to  hear  him.  He  heals 
many  sick,  including  the  paralytic  borne  of  four, 
whose  sins  he  also  forgives.  The  hostility  of  the 
Pharisaic  party  is  aroused  by  this  act  and  they 
proclaim  Jesus  a  blasphemer.  He  goes  to  the 
seaside  to  teach  and  calls  Matthew  the  publican 
to  follow  him.  He  discusses  the  question  about 
fasting  raised  by  the  disciples  of  John,  and  heals 
an  infirm  man  at  the  pool  of  Bethesda.  He 
arouses  further  hostility  by  defending  his  dis- 
ciples for  plucking  and  eating  ears  of  corn  on 
the  Sabbath  day,  confuting  the  Pharisees  by 
quoting  David's  example.  Upon  another  Sab- 
bath he  heals  a  man  with  a  withered  hand,  and 
as  a  consequence  the  Pharisees  join  forces  with 
the  Herodians  to  put  him  to  death.  He  with- 
draws again  to  the  seashore  and  such  multitudes 
press  upon  him  to  be  healed  that  he  is  obliged 
to  call  a  boat  to  wait  upon  him.  In  the  evening 
he  goes  alone  to  a  mountain. 


59 


Summary  of  the  Period. 

This  first  period  of  the  Galilean  ministry  lasted 
from  Dec.  A.  D.  27  to  the  midsummer  of  A.  D. 
28.  It  was  characterized  by  work  among  "the 
submerged  tenth,"  by  miracles  and  by  much 
prayer  on  the  part  of  Jesus.  The  religious 
leaders  organized  opposition  to  him  on  the 
grounds  that  he  had  forgiven  sins,  violated  the 
Sabbath,  disregarded  tradition,  and  associated 
with  publicans  and  sinners — but  the  people 
crowded  to  hear  him  and  to  be  healed.  The 
fanaticism  of  the  leaders  was  impotent  because 
of  the  great  tide  of  popularity. 


STUDY  XI. 

PERIOD    OF    POPULARITY  -  Galilean 
Ministry    (Continued). 

The  Apostles.     Matt,  x  :  2-4. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap,  xvii,  pp.  521-523. 
Farrar,  chap,  xviii,  pp.  249-258.  Stalker, 
§§  105-108.  Geikie,  chap.  xxxv.  Bruce's 
Training  of  the  Twelve,  chap.  iv.  Watson's 
The  Upper  Room  :  chapter  on  "  The  Twelve." 

I.       The  Choice. 

What  preparation  does  Luke  record  ?  vi :  12 
(cf.  Matt,  xiv  :  23). 

""  Cold  mountains  and  the  midnight  air 
Witnessed  the  fervor  of  Thy  prayer." 

Did  he  choose  twelve  because 

(i)  they  were  enough  for  the  work  or 

(2)  only  twelve  available,  cf.  Luke  x  :  i,  or 

(3)  because  of  the  historical  significance  of 
the  number  ?  cf.  Matt,  xix  :  28. 

Significance  of  change  of  name  from  *'  disci- 
ples "  to  "apostles"?     Luke  vi :  13. 

His  purpose  in  selecting  them?  Mark 
iii  :  14,  15- 


6i 


Did  he  choose  such  comparatively  humble 
men  because 

(i)  he  could  not  get  others  or 

(2)  because  of  what  they  were  in  character  ? 

How  is  the  wisdom  of  Jesus'  choice  vindi- 
cated ? 

The  Lists, 

Write  the  lists  (Matt,  x  :  2-4,  Mark  iii :  i6-iq, 
Luke  vi :  14-16,  Acts  i  ;  13-26)  in  four  parallel 
columns,  and  number  each  name. 

Divide  each  list  into  three  groups  and  note 
the  first  name  in  each. 

Note  other  peculiarities  and  explain  differ- 
ences in  names. 

How  many  were  Galileans  and  how  many 
were  related  to  each  other  and  to  Jesus  ? 

What  three  were  with  him  on  notable  occa- 
sions ? 

Study  the  temperaments  of  each  pair  in 
Matthew's  list.     (See  Supplemental  Study.) 

Literature  and  life  will  furnish  examples  of 
men  working  in  pairs,  e.  g.  Luther  and 
Melancthon,  Calvin  and  Beza,  Barnabas  and 
Paul.  Recall  the  influence  of  prudent  and 
cautious  Hardy  on  outspoken  and  impetuous 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxford. 

"  So  when  two  work  together,  each  for  each 
Is  quick  to  plan,  and  can  the  other  teach  ; 
But  when  alone  one  seeks  the  best  to  know, 
His  skill  is  weaker  and  his  thoughts  are  slow." 


62 


3.      The  Training. 

For  what  important  work  were  they  being 
trained  ?    John  xv  :  27,  Acts  i :  8,  22. 

What  qualities  would  make  them  credible 
witnesses? 

What  would  they  be  obliged  to  unlearn  ? 

What  methods  did  Jesus  employ  in  training 
them? 

Mention  some  parables  and  discourses,  mir- 
acles and  object  lessons  which  were  prunarily 
or  solely  for  their  benefit  ? 

What  responsibilities  did  Jesus  throw  upon 
them  ?     Cf.  Matt,  ix  :  36-xi  :  i. 

For  how  much  did  his  personal  companion- 
ship count? 

What  evidence  that  the  training  was  grad- 
uated to  their  capacities  ? 

"  I  say  that  as  a  babe  you  feed  awhile 
Becomes  a  boy,  and  fit  to  feed  himself. 
So  minds  at  first  must  be  spoon-fed  with  truth  ; 
When  they  can  eat,  babe's  nurture  is  withdrawn,"— 
— Browning' s  "^  Death  in  the  Desert^ 

Application. 

I.  "  Organization  and  order  and  the  distribution  of 
duty  essential  in  things  spiritual  as  well  as  in 
things  temporal." 

'Wise  organization  always  facilitates 
the  movement  of  a  body  of  men.  .  . 
Organization  means  comprehensive- 
ness, continuity,  power,  speed." — J.  R. 
Mott. 


63 


2.  A  place  for  all  temperaments  and  conditions  of 
men  in  God^s  vineyard. 

"  We  see  a  lesson  of  Christ's  wonder- 
ful wisdom  and  goodness  in  thus  bind- 
ing into  one  brotherhood  these  inex- 
haustible varieties  of  character  and  tem- 
perament, and  finding  for  each  its  place 
and  its  work.  As  we  look  upon  it  we 
can  feel  and  say,  each  of  us,  There  is  a 
place  and  a  welcome  for  me.  .  .  . 
We  see  that  it  is  His  purpose  that  these 
differences  of  mind  and  character  and 
condition  should  be  ...  a  means 
of  binding  His  servants  more  closely 
for  eflfectual  service." — Thompson, 


SUPPLEMENTAL  STUDY. 

A  Character  study  of  the  Twelve  based  on 
Prof.  Thompson's  address  on  "  The  Training  of 
the  Twelve."  "  Northfield  Echoes,"  Vol.  3, 
No.  2. 

I.    Disposition. 

Simon —  5  Matt,  xiv  :  28-31  ;  xxvi :  69-75. 

Outspoken,  impetuous,  <  John  xiii  ;6  ;  xviii :  10.    Markix;2. 

Andrew —  (  John  i :  41  ;  vi ;  8,  9  ;  xii .:  22. 

Prudent,  cautious,  .        .  <Markxiii:3. 


II.    Age. 

James—  (  Father  of  Church  when  first  three 

(Oldest),   experience,    coun-  <     gospels  and  Acts  were  written, 
sel,         .         .        .        .  (  Acts  xii  :  2. 

John —  5  John   xiii:23,   24;    xviii:i5,    16; 

(Youngest),  ideas,  action,        l     xx:4. 


"  He  loves  when  youth  and  age  are  met, 
Fervent  old  age  and  youth  serene  ; 
Their  high  and  low  in  concord  set 
For  sacred  song,  Joy's  golden  meaD." 


III.  Intellect. 

Philip—  ^  John  vi:5;  xii  ;2o:  xiv:8 

Slow  of  intelligence,       .  (■'  ^'  ' 

Bartholomew  (Nathanael) —       <  j„i •    ,^    ,0    ,„ 

Alert,  .        .        .        ,         I  John  1:46,  48,  49. 


IV.    Doubt  and  Faith. 
Thomas — honest  doubt,  John  xi :  16 ;  xiv  15;  xx  :  24,  25. 

Matthew — fearless  faith,  .  Matt,  ix;  9,  10 


65 


V.    Works  and  Faith. 

James  (of  Alphaeus) —  (  ^^^  his  Epistle 

works,         ....         ^  Keynote  =  ii :  18. 

C  See  his  Epistle. 
Jude  (of  James) — faith,       .  •<  Watchword  =  "  Contend   for  the 

(     faith,"  ii:3.     Johnxiv;22. 


VI.    Surrender  and  Selfishness. 
Simon  the  Zealot — devotion,         Loyalty  to  the  Christ. 

T   J       T         •   »         ic  u  ^  John  xii  :4-6. 

Judas  Iscanot-selfishness,        ^  ^j^^^   ^^^| .  ^^^  ^^ 


For  as  of  old,  when  two  by  two, 

His  herald  saints  the  Saviour  sent, 
To  soften  hearts  like  morning  dew , 

When  he  to  shine  in  mercy  meant." 

So  evermore  he  deems  his  name 

Best  honored  and  his  way  prepared, 

When  watching  by  his  altar-flame, 
He  sees  his  servants  duly  paired." 

—John  Keble. 


STUDY    XII. 

PERIOD    OF    POPULARITY  —  Galilean 
Ministry  (Continued). 

Sermon  on  the  Mount.     Matt,  v,  vi,  vii. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap,  xviii.  Farrar, 
chap,  xviii,  pp.  259-272.  Geikie,  chap. 
XXXV,  pp.  51-57  ;  xxxvi,  xxxvii. 

"The  Programme  of  Christianity." — Drum- 
mond. 

1.  The  Place. 

Where  does  tradition  locate  to  opog} 

Dean  Stanley,  speaking  of  the  Horns 
of  Hattin,  says,  "  The  platform  at  the 
top  is  evidently  suitable  for  the  collec- 
tion of  a  multitude  and  corresponds 
precisely  to  the  '  level  place  ' — mistrans- 
lated 'plain' — to  which  he  would  'come 
down  '  as  from  one  of  its  higher  horns 
to  address  the  people." 

2.  The  Audience. 

Was  it 

(i)  an  ordination  sermon  to  the  apostles,  or 

(2)  a  discourse  to  the  larger  company  of 
disciples,  or 

(3)  to  a  mixed  audience. 


67 


3.      The  Form. 

Is  it  a  group  of  "  sayings,"  or  a  connected 
discourse  ? 

How  related  to  Luke  vi  :  17-49? 

Andrews  concludes,  "that  Matthew 
gives  this  discourse  substantially,  if  not 
literally,  as  it  was  spoken,  and  that 
Luke  gives  the  same,  but  modified  to 
meet  the  wants  of  that  class  of  hearers 
for  whom  he  especially  wrote." 

Contrast  it  with  the  law  of  Sinai. 
Comment  on  the  use  of  illustrations. 


The  Analysis. 

The  following  analysis,  taken  from  the  Cam- 
bridge Bible  on  Matthew,  is  the  simplest  and 
completest  we  have  seen. 

Theme  =  ''The  Kingdom  of  Heaven." 

A.  The  Subjects  of  the  Kingdom,     v  :  3-16. 
(i)  Their  character  and  privileges,     vs.  3-12. 
(2)  Their  responsibility,     vs.  13-16. 

B,  Relationships  of  the  Kingdom  to 
(i)  The  Law,     v  :  17-48. 

It  is  the  highest  fulfilment  of  the  law  in 
regard  to 

(a)  The  Decalogue,     v  :  21-37, 

(b)  The  law  of  Retaliation,     vs.  38-42. 

(c)  Love  or  Charity,  vs.  43-48. 


68 


(2)  Pharisaic  rules,     vi :  1-34. 
It  exceeds  the  righteousness  of  the  Pharisees 
in  regard  to 

(a)  Almsgiving,     vi :  1-4. 

(b)  Prayer,     vs.  5-15. 

(c)  Fasting,     vs.  16-18. 

(d)  Earthly   possessions  and  daily   cares. 
vs.  19-34- 

C.   Characteristics  of  the  Kingdom,     vii :  r-27. 

(i)  Judgment  on  others,     vii  :  1-6.. 

(2)  The  Father's  love  for  the  children  of  the 
Kingdom,     vs.  7-12. 

(3)  The  narrow  entrance  therein,     vs.  13,  14. 

(4)  The  danger  of  false  guides  to  the  narrow 
entrance  and  the  test  of  the  true.     vs.  15-23. 

(5)  A  description  of  the  true  subjects  of  the 
Kingdom,  as  distinguished  from  the  false, 
vs.  24-27. 


"  Come,  kingdom  of  our  God, 

Sweet  reign  of  light  and  love  ! 
Shed  peace  and  hope  and  joy  abroad, 

And  wisdom  from  above. 
Over  our  spirits  first 

Extend  thy  healing  reign, 
There  raise  and  quench  the  sacred  thirst. 

That  never  pains  again." 


69 


Application. 

1.  The  King  demands  spirituality  in  obedience, 
worship  and  aims. 

2,  The  Fatherhood  of  God  and  our  relationship. 
Study  the  seventeen  occurrences  of  the  word 
"Father"  in  the  sermon. 

See  chapter  on  "Fatherhood  the  Final  Idea 
of  God"  in  Watson's  "The  Mind  of  the 
Master." 

"What  we  really  have  in  the  Sermon 
on  the  Mount,  what  gives  it  its  great 
everlasting  value,  is  the  passing  over  of 
kingship  into  fatherhood ;  or,  if  you 
please  to  put  it  so,  the  opening  and 
deepening  of  kingship  till  it  reveals  the 
fatherhood  which  lies  folded  at  the  heart 

of   it The    instinct    of    my 

wakened  childhood  rests  upon  the 
strong  confirmation  of  the  Father's 
uttered  word." — Phillips  Brooks, 


STUDY  XIII. 

PERIOD    OF    POPULARITY  —  Galilean 
Ministry  (Continued). 

The    Crisis     in     Popular     Feeling.        Matt. 
iv:  13-23. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap.  xxix.  Farrar, 
chap,  xxix,  pp.  398-404.  Stalker,  §§  I33-I35- 
Geikie,  chap,  xliii,  pp.  184-188.  Bruce's 
Training  of  Twelve,  chap,  ix  :  sec.  i.  Trench 
on  Miracles,  chap.  xvi. 

A  brief  study  of  this  miracle  is  introduced 
because  it  marks  the  boundary  between  the 
Period  of  Popularity  and  Period  of  Oppo- 
sition. 

I.      Circumstances. 

(i)  Occasion. 

Bruce  says  that  it  was  "to  separate  the 
wheat  from  the  chafF  in  the  five  thousand." 

Note  the  connection  in  which  the  Evangel- 
ists place  it.  Matt,  xiv  :  12,  13.  Mark  vi :  30, 
31.     Luke  ix  :  9. 

(2)  Time. 

What  time  in  Jesus'  Ministry?  Matt,  xiv  :  i. 
Mark  vi :  30.     Luke  ix  :  10.     John  vi :  i,  4. 

What  time  of  the  year  ?  Mark  vi :  39.  Nisan, 
"  The  Month  of  Flowers." 

What  time  of  the  day  ?  Matt,  xi v  :  1 5.  Mark 
vi  :  35.     Luke  ix  :  12. 


71 


(3)  Place. 

Make  a  statement  from  the  following  groups 
of  texts — 

(a)  Matt,  xiv  :  13.  Mark  vi :  31.  (b)  Luke 
ix  :  ID.  (c)  Mark  vi :  32.  Johnviri.  (d)  John 
vi :  3.     (e)  Matt,  xiv  ;  ig.     Mark  vi  :  39. 

Were  there  two  Bethsaidas  ?  Mark  vi :  45  ; 
John  vi :  24,  25. 

Smith's  Historical  Geography  (p.  458)  claims 
that  ''  the  province  of  Galilee  ran  right  round 
the  lake  and  included  most  of  the  level  coast 
land  on  the  East.  With  this  readjustment  of 
the  map  we  need  have  only  one,  and  that  Beth- 
saida  Julias  on  the  East.  (See  map  in  this 
pamphlet.)     Johnxii:2i. 

(4)  Persons. 

What  brought  the  apostles  there  ?  Mark 
vi :  30. 

Why  did  the  multitude  follow  ?     John  vi  ;  2. 

Did  John  insert  vs.  4  to  account  for  presence 
of  multitude?  or  to  explain  what  Jesus  was 
about  to  do  ? 


Comparison  and  study  of  text.  Matt,  xiv  :  13- 
23.  Mark  vi :  30-46.  Luke  ix  :  10-17.  John 
vi:i-i5. 

Why  do  the  four  Evangelists  narrate  it? 
The    significance    of     Matthew's    addition, 
vs.  21  ? 


72 


What  relation  does  the  miracle  have  to 
Philip  ?    John  vi :  5,  6. 

What  side-light  on  Andrew's  character  ? 
John  vi :  8,  9. 

What  impression  does  the  scene  make  in 
Peter's  mind  ?  Mark  vi ;  39,  40.  npaaiai  ■= 
square  garden  plots. 

What  characteristics  of  Jesus  does  the 
miracle  display? 

"  'Twas  spring-time  when  he  blessed  the  bread, 
'Twas  harvest  when  he  brake." 

How  does  the  relation  of  the  amount  left 
over  (Matt,  xiv  ;  20)  to  the  original  stock  (Matt. 
xiv :  17)  bear  upon  Weiss'  theory  that  the 
miracle  was  one  of  providence,  not  of  crea- 
tion ?  He  says  that  it  consisted  in  stirring  up 
the  hearty  spirit  of  emulation  for  all  to  open 
their  baskets  and  give  ! 


3.      The  Effects. 

(i)  On  Jesus?  Matt,  xiv:  23.  Only  other 
recorded  instance  of  an  all  night  of  prayer  is 
Luke  vi :  12. 

(2)  On  disciples?  Matt,  xiv  :  22.  Wh)' send 
them  away  thus  ? 

(3)  On  the  people  ?     John  vi :  14,  15. 

Why  should  they  take  the  miracle  as  an  evi- 
dence of  his  Messiahship  ?  cf .  II  Kings  iv  :  42. 
Ex.  xvi  :  14-35. 


73 


What  was  the  substance  of  Jesus'  discourse 
when  he  next  met  them  ?      John  vi :  26,  35,  54. 

How  did  this  affect  their  enthusiasm?  John 
vi  :  66. 

"It  was  what  he  intended.  It  was 
himself  who  struck  the  fatal  blow  at  his 
popularity.  He  resolved  to  devote  him- 
self thenceforward  to  the  few  who  really- 
understood  him  and  were  capable  of 
being  the  adherents  of  a  spiritual  enter- 
prise."— Stalker. 


Application. 

1.  Why  do  I  follow  Jesus  ?     John  vi :  26,  68. 

"  Then  shall  I  not,  O  Saviour  mine, 
Shall  I  not  love  thee  well  ? 
Not  with  the  hope  of  winning  heaven, 
Nor  of  escaping  hell : 

Not  with  the  hope  of  earning  aught. 

Nor  seeking  a  reward. 
But  freely,  fully,  as  thyself 

Hast  lov^d  me,  O  Lord  !  " 

2.  Jesus  the  bread  of  life  can  satisfy  the  soul's 
hunger,  but  there  must  be  personal  appropria- 
tion. 

"  If  I  ever  feel  like  envying  anyone, 
it  is  not  the  world-famous  author,  but 
some  serene,  devout  soul,  who  has  made 
the  life  of  Christ  his  own,  and  whose 
will  is  the  divine  vf\\\:'—Whittier. 


74 


Context. 

After  choosing  twelve  apostles  and  preaching 
the  sermon  on  the  mount,  Jesus  heals  a  cen- 
turion's servant,  and  restores  to  life  the  widow  of 
Nain's  son.  This  was  the  first  miracle  of  tne 
kind,  and  the  crowds  continued  to  increase. 
Jesus  answers  the  question  concerning  his 
Messiahship,  which  John  the  Baptist  sends  to 
him  from  prison,  by  appealing  to  his  Messianic 
works.  While  dining  at  the  house  of  Simon  the 
Pharisee,  Jesus  is  anointed  by  a  woman  who  is 
a  sinner.  He  returns  to  Capernaum  and  heals  a 
blind  and  dumb  demoniac.  In  reply  to  the 
charge  of  the  Pharisees  that  he  casts  out  devils 
by  the  help  of  Beelzebub,  he  warns  the  scribes 
and  Pharisees  against  "an  eternal  sin."  His 
mother  and  brethren  wish  to  see  him  and  he  tells 
who  his  true  kindred  are.  Then  he  withdraws 
to  the  seaside  and  from  a  boat  teaches  the  multi- 
tude by  parables.  In  the  evening  he  crosses  the 
sea  and  stills  the  tempest.  Upon  landing  at  Ger- 
gesa  he  heals  two  demoniacs  and  permits  the 
demons  to  enter  a  herd  of  swine.  The  Ger- 
gesenes  show  their  unpreparedness  to  receive 
him  by  asking  him  to  leave  their  coasts.  So  he 
directs  the  restored  men  to  proclaim  in  that  sec- 
tion what  the  Lord  had  done  for  them  and  he 
returns  to  Capernaum.  A  multitude  awaits  him 
and  he  attends  Matthew's  feast.  He  goes  to  heal 
Jairus's  daughter,  and  on  the  way  cures  a  woman 
with  an  issue  of  blood.  Returning,  he  heals  two 
blind  men  and  a  dumb  demoniac.     He  goes  to 


75 


Nazareth,  is  rejected  there  and  preaches  through- 
out the  region.  The  Twelve  are  sent  on  their 
mission.  News  of  John's  death  reaches  Jesus 
and  he  removes  from  the  territory  of  Antipas. 
His  popularity  was  now  at  its  height,  and  cul- 
minates in  the  feeding  of  the  five  thousand.  He 
sends  the  disciples  back  to  Capernaum,  dis- 
misses the  multitude,  and  departs  to  a  mountain 
to  pray.  During  the  night  he  appears  walking 
on  the  water,  to  the  disciples,  and  rescues  Peter, 
Landing  at  Gennesaret,  he  heals  many,  and  arriv- 
ing at  Capernaum  discourses  to  those  whom  he 
had  fed.  His  words  about  the  bread  of  life 
cause  disaffection.  Many  leave  him  ;  the  Twelve 
remain  faithful,  but  he  declares  that  one  of  them 
is  a  devil. 


76 


Summary  of  the  Period. 

This  second  period  of  the  Galilean  ministry 
lasted  from  one  passover  to  another — probably 
April,  A.  D.  28,  to  April,  A.  D.  2g,  (though 
Edersheim  and  Gilbert  crowd  it  all  into  one 
month).  During  the  first  period  Jesus  had  been 
working  almost  alone.  During  the  second  he 
was  attended  on  two  of  the  preaching  tours  by 
"  the  twelve  and  certain  women  "  who  ministered 
to  him  of  their  substance.  He  introduced  teach- 
ing by  parables  largely  to  draw  the  line  between 
the  curious  and  careless,  and  the  devout  and 
earnest  in  his  audiences.  His  popularity  at  the 
end  of  the  period  was  followed  by  the  active 
opposition  of  scribes  and  Pharisees.  Judea 
and  Galilee  were  closed  against  him,  probably 
the  synagogues  also,  as  there  is  no  further  record 
of  his  using  them  in  Judea  and  Galilee. 


STUDY    XIV, 

PERIOD    OF     OPPOSITION  —  Galilean 
Ministry  (Continued). 

Opposition  in  Galilee. 

(i)  Opposition  in  synagogue  at  Capernaum. 
John  vi :  25-66, 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap,  xxxii.  Farrar, 
chap.  XXX.  Stalker,  §§  136-138.  Geikie,  chap, 
xliv,  pp.  190-200. 

How  had  Jesus  disappointed  the  hopes  of 
the  multitude?     vs.  15. 

What  motive  now  led  them  to  seek  him  ? 
vs.  26. 

What  did  they  understand  by  "  bread  from 
heaven?"     vs.  32,  33. 

"  Like  Ponce  De  Leon  with  the  spring 
of  Unfading  Youth  in  Florida,  they 
thought  that  the  new  gift  would  literally 
make  them  immortal,  and  eagerly  clam- 
oured to  have  a  boon  so  far  in  advance 
of  the  mere  barley  loaves  of  the  day 
before." — Geikie. 

How  does  Jesus'  view  of  his  mission  differ 
from  their  Messianic  ideas? 

What  three  objections  to  his  claims  do  his 
hearers  raise?     vs.  30,  41,  42,  52. 

Had  any  of  them  been  made  before?  John 
ii :  18.     Matt,  xii :  38  ;  xiii :  54-57. 

Result  of  the  discourse?     vs.  66. 


78 


(2)  Opposition  of  delegation  from  Jerusalem. 
Matt.  XV  :  1-14.     Mark  vii :  1-15. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii :  chap.  xxxi.  Farrar,  chap, 
xxxi,  pp.  443-449.  Stalker,  §  126.  Geikie, 
chap,  xliv,  pp.  201-212. 

Who  were  Jesus'  inquisitors  ?  cf.  Luke  v  :  17. 

What  does  this  indicate  regarding  the  feel- 
ing of  the  national  rulers  to  Jesus? 

State  clearly  the  question  raised. 

How  does  Jesus  answer? 

How  does  his  answer  affect  his  inquisitors  ? 
Matt.  XV :  12. 

(3)  Opposition  from  Pharisees  and  Sad- 
ducees.     Matt,  xvi :  1-4.     Mark  viii :  11,  12. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap,  xi,  p.  200.  Farrar, 
chap.  XXXV,  pp.  1-4.  Geikie,  chap,  xliv,  pp. 
226-230. 

In  what  spirit  did  they  question  Jesus? 

Meaning  of  "  sign  "  ? 

When  had  similar  demands  been  made  ? 
John  ii :  18  ;  vi ;  30. 

Note  how  Jonah  was  a  sign  (a)  as  a  type  of 
the  Resurrection,  (b)  as  a  preacher  of  righteous- 
ness to  "an  evil  generation." 

Opposition  on  the  journey  to  Jerusalem. 

(i)  Discussion  with  Pharisees  at  a  dinner. 
Luke  xi :  37-54- 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap.  xii.  Geikie,  chap, 
xli,  pp.  146-152. 

Who  starts  the  discussion  ?     vs.  38. 


79 


How  does  Jesus'  position  with  regard  to 
ceremonial  purity  differ  from  that  of  the  Phar- 
isees ? 

Result  of  this  discussion?     vs.  53,  54. 

"  The  meal  in  the  house  of  the  Phari- 
see was  a  turning  point  in  the  life  of 
Jesus.  The  fierceness  of  His  enemies 
had  broken  out  with  open  rage,  so  that, 
as  He  left  He  was  followed  by  the  infu- 
riated Rabbis,  gesticulating,  as  they 
pressed  round  Him  and  provoking  Him 
to  commit  Himself  b)^  words  of  which 
they  might  lay  hold." — Geikie. 

(2)  Reported  opposition  from  Herod.  Luke 
xiii  :  31-33.     Stalker,  §  131. 

What  motive  had  the  Pharisees  in  giving 
Jesus  this  warning? 

Was  the  danger  real  or  feigned  ? 
The  result? 

(3)  Opposition  arising  from  Jesus'  observ- 
ance of  the  Sabbath.  Luke  xii  :  10-17  ;  xiv  : 
1-6.     Stalker,  §  127. 

When  had  similar  discussions  arisen  ?  John 
V  :  16  ;  Matt,  xii  :  2,  10  ;  John  ix  :  16. 

How  did  Jesus'  position  on  this  question 
differ  from  that  of  the  Pharisees  ? 

Give  some  of  his  answers  and  their  objec- 
tions on  this  question. 


8o 


(4)  Opposition  because  of  Jesus'  association 
with  publicans  and  sinners.  Luke  xv  :  i,  2  ; 
xix  :  7.     Stalker,  §  125. 

When  had  similar  objections  been  raised 
against  Jesus?     Matt,  ix  :  11  ;  Luke  vii  :  39, 

How  does  Jesus'  position  differ  from  that  of 
the  Pharisees  ? 

What  are  Jesus'  main  arguments  for  his 
position?  Bruce,  "Training  of  the  Twelve," 
pp.  26,  27. 

(5)  Feeling  towards  Jesus  at  the  close  of  the 
journey?     Luke  xvi  :  14  ;  John  xi  :  8,  16. 


Application, 

1.  Every  good  \  [•  encounters  opposition. 

"  Men  may  misjudge  thy  aim,  men  may  not  praise  thy 
name, 

Think  they  have  cause  for  blame,  say  thou  art  wrong  : — 
Hold  on  thy  quiet  wa3%  heed  not  what  men  may  saj% 

Christ  is  the  judge— not  they  ;  fear  not,  be  strong  !  " 

2.  Jesus'    patience    under    trying    circumstances. 
Heb.  xii  :  3. 

"  Patience,  my  lord  !     Why,  'tis  the  soul  of  peace  ; 
Of  all  the  virtues,  'tis  nearest  liin  to  Heaven. 
It  makes  men  look  like  gods.     The  best  of  men 
That  e'er  wore  earth  about  him,  was  a  sufferer. 
A  soft,  meek,  patient,  humble,  tranquil  spirit. 
The  first  true  gentleman  that  ever  breathed. 
The  stock  of  patience  then  cannot  be  poor  ; 
All  it  desires,  it  has  ;  what  monarch  more  ?  " 

—  Thomas  Dekkar. 


STUDY     XV. 

PERIOD    OF    OPPOSITION  -  Galilean 
Ministry    (Continued). 

Preparing  His  Disciples  for  His  Death. 

I.     Peter's  Confession.     Matt,  xvi  :  13-20. 

"The  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Church  of  Christ." — Farrar. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii .  chap,  xxxvii,  pp.  72-86. 
Farrar,  chap,  xxxv,  pp.  n-i6.  Geikie,  chap, 
xlvi,  pp.  236-243.  Bruce,  "Training  of  the 
Twelve,"  chap.  xi. 

How  was  Jesus  engaged  before  asking  the 
question?  cf.  Luke  ix  ;  18. 

What  was  his  purpose  in  asking  it? 

What  two  propositions  does  Peter's  reply 
contain  ?  Matt,  xvi  :  16  ;  Mark  viii  :  29  ;  Luke 
ix  :  20. 

If  he  is    not    "the    Christ,"   what    follows? 

"  His  life  is  without  meaning  ;  his 
death  without  efficacy  ;  his  words  with- 
out authority." 

"  I  say  the  acknowledgment  of  God  in  Christ 
Accepted  by  the  reason,  solves  for  thee 
All  questions  in  the  earth  and  out  of  it." 

—  Browning. 


82 


Did  Peter  speak  in  a  representative  ca- 
pacity ? 

What  advance  on  previous  confessions?  cf. 
Matt,  xiv  :  33  ;  John  vi  :  69. 

What  may  we  infer  with  regard  to  the  claim 
of  Peter's  supremacy,  from  the  fact  that  Jesus' 
reply  is  recorded  only  by  Matthew? 

Note  the  words  Trerpog  and  -rrsTpa.     vs.  18. 

The  different  interpretations  are 

(a)  that  Jesus  referred  to  himself  as  the 
rock,  or 

(b)  to  Peter  as  a  person,  or 

(c)  to  Peter's  confession,  or 

(d)  to  the  Petrine  in  Peter,  i.  e.  the  heaven- 
given  faith  which  manifested  itself  in  his  con- 
fession. 

Why  did  Jesus  enjoin  silence?  Matt,  xvii  : 
20  ;  Mark  viii  :  30  ;  Luke  ix  :  21. 

Prediction  of  Death  and  Resurrection.  Matt, 
xvi  :  21-23. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iii  :  chap,  xxxvii,  pp.  86-88. 
Farrar,  chap,  xxxv,  pp.  17-23.  Geikie,  chap, 
xlvi,  pp.  244-246.  Bruce's  "Training  of  the 
Twelve,"  chap,  xii,  sec.  i. 

Having  removed  the  misconception  con- 
cerning his  person,  he  now  undertakes  to 
remove  the  preconception  concerning  the 
Messiah's  career. 

What  figures  had  Jesus  used  before  in 
prophesying  his  death  ?  John  ii  ;  19  ;  iii  :  14  ; 
vi :  51  ;  Matt,  ix  :  15  ;  xvi  ;  4. 

What  difference   does  Mark  note  between 


83 


former  predictions  and  the  present  one  ?  Mark 
viii  '.  32,  TTapprja'ia. 

What  connection  between  this  plain-speak- 
ing and  the  period  of  opposition  ? 

What  shews  Peter's  impulsiveness?  vs.  22, 
TzpooTia^ofitvoq  avrbv. 

How  is  his  affection  shown  ? 

What  does  Jesus  rebuke  in  Peter  ? 

Evidence  of  the  deep  impression  left  on 
Peter's  mind  ?  Cf.  Matt,  xvi  :  23,  OKavdaT^ov  ; 
I  Peter  ii  :  8,  Tverpa  aKavdalov. 

The  following  table  illustrates  the  gradual 
way  in  which  Jesus  educated  the  disciples 
concerning  his  death. 

Note  that  he  does  not  reveal  the  betrayal 
until  the  second  prediction,  nor  the  crucifixion 
until  the  third. 

Matt,  xvi  :  21-23.           Matt,  xvii  :22,  23.              Matt   xx.i7-ig. 
o  Betrayed.  


Jerusalem. 

Suffer. 
;rs,  chief  pri 
and  scribes. 


Suffer.  ....Mock,  scourge,  etc. 

Elders,  chief  priests        Hands  of  men. 


o                                       o  To  Gentiles. 

Killed.  ....Condemn  to  death. 


Crucify. 


Raised  third  day. 


3.      The  law  of  discipleship.     Matt,  xvi  :  24-28. 
Geikie,     chap,    xlvi,     pp.     246-7.       Bruce's 
'  Training  of  Twelve,'  chap,  xii  :  sec.  ii. 

How  is  this  teaching  shown   to  be  for  all 
Christians  ?     Mark  viii :  34. 


84 


What  did  cross-bearing  mean  in  those  days  ? 

What  does  it  mean  now  ? 

What  three  arguments  are  given  for  cross- 
bearing  ? 

What  two  meanings  for  "life"  in  the  para- 
dox, Matt,  xvi :  25  ?  • 

How  is  the  incomparable  value  of  the  soul 
set  forth  ? 

What  is  to  be  said  for  cross-bearing  with 
the  hope  of  reward  in  view? 

"That  hope  is  not  selfishness,  but  sim- 
ply self-consistency." — Bruce.  "There 
is  no  certain  work  where  there  is  an 
uncertain  reward." — Tertullian. 

Probably  Matt,  xvi :  28  should  introduce  the 
Transfiguration  as  in  Mark  ix  :  i. 

Application. 

1.  On  what  do  I  foutid  my  belief  in   the  Divinity 
of  Jesus  ? 

"  If  Jesus  Christ  is  a  man, 
And  only  a  man,  I  say 
That  of  all  mankmd  I  cleave  to  Him, 
And  to  Him  will  cleave  alway. 

If  Jesus  Christ  is  a  God, 

And  the  only  God,  I  swear 
I  will  follow  Him  through  heaven  and  hell. 

The  earth,  the  sea,  and  the  air." 

2.  Am  I  ivilling  to  bear  any  cross  for  his  sake? 

"  Jesus,  I  my  cross  have  taken, 
AH  to  leave  and  follow  thee." 


STUDY    XVI. 

PERIOD    OF    OPPOSITION  —  Qalilean 
Ministry  (Continued). 

The  Transfiguration.     Matt,  xvii  :  1-9. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap.  i.  Farrar,  chap. 
xxxvi.  Stalker,  §^  140,  141,  Geikie,  chap, 
xlvii,  pp.  248-256,  Bruce's  '  Training  of 
Twelve,'  chap.  xiii.  Trench's  '  Studies  in  the 
Gospels  '  No.  8.  "  Jesus  on  the  Holy  Mount," 
Sanderson. 

I .      Circumstances. 

(i)  Occasion. 

Why  do  all  the  Evangelists  connect  it  with 
Jesus'  prediction  of  his  death  ?     Luke  ix  :  31. 

Immediate  cause  of  the  transfiguration  ? 
Luke  ix  :  29.  cf.  Gethsemane,  "The  cup  of 
death  was  present  to  the  mind  of  Christ,  now 
as  then  ;  the  cross  was  visible  to  his  spiritual 
eye  ;  he  prayed  for  nerve  to  drink,  for  courage 
to  endure." — Brtice. 

(2)  Time. 

"  Six    days,"    Matt,    xvii  :  i  ;   "  eight   days,' 
Luke    ix  :  28.      Explain    difference.      Time    of 
day?     Luke  ix  :  32,  37. 


S6 


(3)  Place. 

Matt,  and  Mark  —  "a  high  mountain." 
Luke.  "  the  mountain,"  R.  V,  Early  tradition 
said  Tabor.  Hence  festival  of  Transfiguration 
in  Greek  Church  is  called  to  da^cjptov. 

The  modern  view  favors  Hermon,  because 

(a)  Tabor  at  that  time    was    covered    with 
fortifications  (Josephus). 

(b)  "The"  and  "high"  apply  to  Hermon. 

(c)  Jesus  had  not  yet  passed  through  Gal- 
ilee, where  Tabor  was.     Mark  ix  :  30. 

"  What  hill  is  like  to  Hermon's  hill  in  beauty  and  in  fame  ? 
For  there,  in  sad  days  of  his  flesh,  o'er  Christ  a  glory 

came. 
And  light  o'erflowed  him  like  a   sea,   and   raised   his 

shining  brow. 
And  the  voice  came  forth  which  bade  all   worlds   the 

Son  of  God  avow," 

(4)  Persons. 

Two  other  occasions  on  which  same  three 
apostles  chosen  ? 

Why  choose  them  here  ? 


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88 


Sum  up  the  agreements  and  differences. 

What  points  show  the  independence  of 
Luke's  narrative? 

What  is  the  dominant  impression  made  by 
this  study? 


3,  Relation  of  the  event  to  Jesus'  pU7'pose  on  earth. 
A  three-fold  aid. 

(i)  Transfiguration  =  a  foretaste  of  his  glory 
after   humiliation. 

"  'Be  of  good  cheer,'  said  that  sud- 
den flood  of  celestial  light,  the  suffer- 
ing will  soon  be  past  and  then  thou 
shall   enter  thine  eternal  joy." — Briice. 

(2)  Moses  and  Elias  =  the  assurance  that  his 
sufferings  were  understood  and  appreciated  in 
heaven. 

What  did  these  men  represent? 

How  did  they  leave  the  world  ? 

"It  was  a  comfort  to  his  heart  to 
think  '  Up  yonder  they  know  that  I  am 
to  suffer,  and  comprehend  the  reason 
why,  and  watch  with  eager  interest  to 
see  how  I  move  on  with  unfaltering  step 
with  my  face  steadfastly  set  to  go  to 
Jerusalem. " — Bruce. 


89 


(3)  The  Cloud  and  the  Voice  =  the  approval 
of  his  heavenly  Father. 

"That  voice  uttered  then  meant  'Go 
on  thy  way  self-devoted  to  death  and 
shrinking  not  from  the  cross.  I  am 
pleased  with  thee  because  thou  pleas- 
eth  not  thyself  ....  Thou  dost  show  it 
to  be  thy  purpose  to  save  others  and 
not  to  save  thyself.'  " — Brtice. 

In  what  two  other  crises  was  the  voice  from 
heaven  heard  ? 

In  what  respect  were  the  three  to  "hear 
him?"    Matt,  xvi  :  21-28. 

What  traits  of  Jesus'  character  are  illustrated 
here  ? 

What  effect  on  the  apostles?   cf.  II  Pet.  i :  17, 

What  was  the  relation  of  the  event  to  the 
period  ? 

"On  Hermon  the  Lord  and  his  disci- 
ples had  reached  the  highest  point  in 
this  history.  Henceforth  it  is  a  descent 
into  the  valle)''  of  humiliation  and 
death. " — Edersheim. 

Application. 

I.  Jesus'  trans figuratio7i  and  our  transformation. 
II  Cor.  iii :  18. 

See  Drummond's  "The  Changed  Life." 

"  O  Master,  it  is  good  to  be 
Entranced,  envvrapt  alone  with  thee, 
Till  we  too,  change  from  grace  to  grace, 
Gazing  on  that  transfigured  face." 


90 


2.    The  correlation  of  visions  and  tasks. 

See  Brooks'  "Visions  and  Tasks,"  in 
"Twenty  Sermons,"  and  Longfellow's  "Le- 
gend Beautiful." 

"It  is  a  terrible  thing  to  have  seen 
the  vision,  and  to  be  so  wrapped  up  in 
its  contemplation  as  not  to  hear  the 
knock  of  needy  hands  upon  our  doors. 
It  is  a  terrible  thing  to  hear  the  knock 
and  have  no  vision  to  declare  to  the 
poor  knocker," — Phillips  Brooks. 


STUDY    XVII. 

PERIOD   OF  OPPOSITION  —  Opposition   in 
Jerusalem. 

I  Feeling  towards  Jesus  in  Jerusalern  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Period  of  Opposition.  John 
vii :  I, 

What  events  had  produced  this  feeling? 
John  ii :  15,  i6  ;  v  :  16. 

Signs  of  the  feeling  in  Jerusalem  seen  in 
the  Galilean  ministry?  Luke  v  :  17.  Matt. 
XV  :  I. 

2.  Opposition  at  the  Feast  of  Tabernacles.  John 
vii :  11-52. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chaps,  vi,  vii.  Farrar, 
chap,  xxxix.     Geikie,  chap.  xlix. 

Evidences  of  Jesus'  notoriety,     vs.  11,  13. 
What    was    the    popular     feeling     towards 
Jesus  ?     vs.  12. 

Who    are    meant    by    "the  Jews"     vs.    13? 

"  This  term  in  St.  John's  Gospel  com- 
monly means  '  the  opponents  of  Christ '." 
— Cambridge  Bible.     "John." 

The  first  objection  to  Jesus' teaching,  vs.  15. 
Cf.  a  similar  objection  made  in  Galilee.  Matt, 
xiii :  54. 


92 

Who  are  "  the  multitude  "  ?     vs.  20.      Cf.  vs. 

25. 

"The  multitude  who  have  come  up 
from  the  provinces  know  nothing  of  the 
designs  of  the  hierarchy,  although  dwell- 
ers in  Jerusalem  are  better  informed." 
— Cambridge  Bible. 

What  is  the  attitude  of  the  rulers  towards 
Jesus?     vs.  25,  26. 

The  second  objection,     vs.  27. 
Where  had  this  objection  been  made  before? 
John  vi  :  42. 

What    is    the  effect  of   Jesus'  answer?     vs. 

31,  32. 

"The  first  formal  attempt  upon  his  life." 
— Cambridge  Bible. 

The  third  objection  raised,     vs.  35. 
What  is  the  effect  of  Jesus'  preaching  on  the 
last  day  of  the  Feast?     vs.  40,  41. 

The  fourth  objection,     vs.  41,  42. 

The  condition  of  popular  feeling  at  the  end 
of  the  Feast?     vs.  43,  44. 

With  what  success  did  the  plans  of  the  San- 
hedrin  meet?     vs.  45,  46. 

What  protest  is  raised  on  Jesus'  behalf? 
vs.   50,  51. 

Which  of  the  objections  made  by  the  people 
is  uppermost  in  the  minds  of  the  rulers  ? 
vs.  52. 


93 


3     Opposition  during  the    remainder  of  this  visit 
at  Jerusalefn.     John  viii :  12-59. 
Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap.  viii. 

Sum  up  the  objections  made  by  the  Jews  to 
Jesus'  teachings?  vs.  13,  ig,  22,  25,  33,39, 
41,  48,  52,  53,  57. 

What  is  the  outcome  of  these  discussions? 
vs.  59. 

4.  Opposition   connected   tvith  Jesus'    healing  the 
man  born  blind.     John  ix. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap.  ix.  Farrar,  chap, 
xli. 

How  does  this  miracle  affect  the  Pharisees' 
opinion  regarding  Jesus  ?     vs.  15,  16. 

What  decree  had  the  Sanhedrin  issued  con- 
cerning believers  in  Jesus?     vs.  22. 

How  is  this  decree  enforced  in  the  case  of 
the  healed  man  ?     vs.  34. 

How  does  Jesus  condemn  the  Pharisees? 
vs.  41. 

What  are  the  feelings  of  Jesus'  opponents  at 
this  stage  of  the  opposition  ?     John  x  :  ig-21. 

5.  Opposition  at  the  Feast  of  Dedicatiofi.     John 
X : 22-40. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  ;  chap.  xiv.  Farrar, 
chap.  xlv. 

What  demand  do   the  Jews  make  ?     vs.  24. 
To  what  evidence  does  Jesus  appeal  in  his 
answer  ?     vs.  25.     Cf.  John  v  :  36  ;  xiv  :  11. 


94 


How  is  his  answer  received  ?    vs.  31. 
With  what  do  they  charge  him  ?     vs.  33. 
Result  of  the  discussion  ?    vs.  39. 
How  does  it  affect  his  ministry?    vs.  40. 

6.     Feeling  in  Judea  at  the  end  of   this  period? 
John  xi :  8,  16. 

Application. 

1.  Prejudice    blinds    men    to     the     truth.       John 
ix  :  8,  II, 

"They  would  not  believe  that  such  a 
miracle  had  been  wrought,  and  therefore 
argued  that  they  must  have  been  misled 
by  a  striking  resemblance.  So  men  who 
do  not  wish  to  believe  in  the  reality  of 
their  friends'  conversion  find  some  way 
to  explain  the  change  they  see."  — 
Peloubet. 

2.  The  responsibility  of  knowledge.     John  ix:4i. 

"To  whomsoever  much  is  given,  of 
him  shall  much  be  required."— yi?j-z^j. 


95 


Context. 

After  the  crisis  at  Capernaum  Jesus  retires 
with  the  Twelve  to  Tyre  and  Sidon.  He  heals 
the  Syrophenician  woman's  daughter,  returns 
through  Decapolis,  healing  many,  including  a 
man  with  an  impediment  in  his  speech.  Then 
he  feeds  4,000  and  crosses  to  Capernaum.  He 
reproves  the  hypocrisy  of  scribes  and  Pharisees 
who  demand  a  sign,  and  crosses  to  Bethsaida, 
where  he  heals  a  blind  man.  He  retires  north- 
ward to  Caesarea  Philippi  and  on  the  way  Peter 
makes  the  great  confession,  and  Jesus  foretells 
his  death  and  resurrection.  The  Transfiguration 
follows,  and  descending  from  the  Mount  Jesus 
heals  a  demoniac  boy  whom  the  disciples  had 
tried  in  vain  to  cure.  Passing  through  Galilee 
he  instructs  his  disciples  and  again  announces 
his  death  and  resurrection.  At  Capernaum 
Jesus  discourses  on  humility  and  forgiveness, 
and  Peter  pays  taxes  with  the  shekel  found  in  the 
fish's  mouth.  He  attends  the  feast  of  tabernacles 
at  Jerusalem  and  teaches  in  the  temple.  Several 
attempts  are  made  to  arrest  him  but  all  result  in 
failure. 


96 


Summary  of  the  Period. 

The  third  period  of  the  Galilean  Ministry  trom 
the  Crisis  at  Capernaum  to  the  final  departure 
from  Galilee,  April  to  October  A.  D.  29,  is 
characterized  by  retirements  from  the  reach  of 
the  people.  The  time  is  spent  largely  in  North- 
ern Galilee  and  is  occupied  with  the  training  of 
the  Twelve.  He  devotes  himself  to  instilling 
into  their  minds  the  great  truths  regarding  him- 
self and  his  death  and  resurrection. 


STUDY    XVIII. 

PERIOD    OF    OPPOSITION— Perean 
Ministry. 

The    Rich   Young    Ruler.      Matt,  xix  :  16-22  ; 
Mark  x  :  17-22  ;    Luke  xviii  :  18-23. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  iv  :  chap,  xxiii^  pp.  338-342. 
Geikie,  chap,  liv,  pp.  374-377.  "Conversa- 
tions of  Jesus  Christ,"  by  Adams,  chap.  iii. 
Trench's  poem  "  Mahmoud  the  Idol-Breaker." 

1.  Circumstances. 

Where  was  Jesus  going?    Mark  x  :  17,  R.  V. 
What  time  in  his  ministry  was  it? 
Who  were  present  ?    Matt,  xix  :  23,  27  ;  Mark 
X  :  32. 

2.  Study  and  comparison  of  texts 

Note  in  three  columns  the  differences  and 
similarities. 

Which  evangelist  tells  us  that  the  young 
man  was  a  '  ruler  '  ? 

Note  R.  V.  rendering  for  Matt,  xix  :  17. 

What  is  the  meaning  of  Jesus'  reply? 

What  graphic  touches  does  Mark  add  to  the 
narrative? 

How  does  Matthew  place  emphasis  on  the 
words  spoken  ? 


98 


3.      Character  study  of  the  young  man. 

(i)  He  was  young— when  worldly  ambition 
would  appeal  to  him  the  stronger. 

(2)  He  was  rich — so  had  great  opportunities 
in  life. 

(3)  He  was  a  ruler — yet  humble — prostrated 
himself  before  Jesus, 

(4)  He  was  respectful — note  his  manner  of 
address.     How  did  he  evidently  regard  Jesus  ? 

(5)  He  was  earnest — running  to  learn. 

(6)  He  was  moral — observed  {k^vKa^a)  the 
law. 

(7)  He  was  self-righteous — yet  not  hypocrit- 
ical like  Pharisees.  What  was  his  fatal  assump- 
tion ? 

(8)  He  was  a  man  of  doing — not  being. 

(9)  He  was  selfish, 

4.     Jesus'  7nethod  of  dealing  with  him. 

Study  carefully  the  words  which  were 
spoken. 

What  use  of  the  Scriptures  did  Jesus  make? 

How  did  he  show  sympathy  for  the  young 
man  ? 

Evidences  of  directness  and  uncompromis- 
ing attitude  ? 

"  Was  not  this  what  Christ  enjoined 
upon  the  young  ruler — a  conscious  will- 
ing transfer  of  his  great  possessions 
from  himself  to  God  in  such  a  real  way 


99 


as  that  henceforth  his  sense  of  ozvnership 
in  them  should  cease,  and  a  sense  of 
stewardship  should  take  its  place?" — 
Humphrey. 


Results. 

"  He  went  away" — self  had  conquered. 

"  Sorrowful  "  —  "  his  countenance  fell." 
Mark,  R.  V.  The  Greek  word  used  only  in 
one  other  instance  (Matt,  xvi  :  3)  of  the  lower- 
ing sky. 

Dante,  Inferno  iii  :  60,  imagines  him  on  the 
confines  of  the  other  world  with  myriads  of 
other  mammon  seekers  blindly  following  the 
flutter  of  a  giddy  flag,  rejected  by  Heaven, 
despised  by  Hell,  hateful  alike  to  God  and  to 
his  enemies — 


"  the  shade  of  him, 
Who  made  through  cowardice  the  great  refusal." 

— Farrar. 


"  Once  to  every  man  and  nation 
Comes  the  moment  to  decide, 
In  the  strife  of  truth  and  falsehood 
For  the  good  or  evil  side."— Z(77£/^//. 


lOO 


Application. 

I.    The  idolatry  of    wealth.     See   Paradise   Lost, 
i  :  678. 

"  I  would  ride  the  camel, 
Yes,  leap  him  flying,  through  the  needle's  eye. 
As  easily  as  such  a  pampered  soul 
Could  pass  the  narrow  ^'&X.&.''''—Southey. 

"What  business  has  the  young  vigor 
of  twenty  to  demand  that  the  fire  shall 
be  warm  and  the  seat  cushioned  and  the 
road  smooth  ?     Let   him  not  parade  his 
incompetence  for  life  by  insisting  that 
life  is  not  worth  living  unless  a  man  is 
rich,— unless  that  is,  the  abundance  of 
life    should    be    eked   out  with  wealth, 
which  is  an   accident  of  life,  not  of  its 
essence.     Our  gilded   youth   are  not— 
and  they  ought  to  know  that  they  are 
not— they  ought  to  be  told  that  they  are 
not — choice  young  men  when  the  study 
of  their  life  is  to  spare  themselves   pain 
and  surround  themselves  with  creature 
comforts.     It  is  a  sign  that  they  have 
not  got  hold  of  the  sufficiency  of  life. 
They  do  not  know  what  pure  gold  it  is, 
and   so  they  try  to  eke  it  out  with  gild- 
ing."— Phillips  Brooks. 


jor 


2.  Morality  alone  cannot  sccia-e  eternal  life. 

"  Talk  the}'  of  morals  ?     Oh,  thou  bleeding  Lamb, 
The  grand  morality  is  love  of  Thee." 

"Morality  is  not  the  precedent  con- 
dition of  saving  faith,  but  it  is  always 
the  result,  the  fruit,  and  the  evidence  of 
Christian  faith.      Propose  the  question, 
'  What    shall    I    do    to    inherit    eternal 
life?'    in   the   spirit  of  this  Jewish  ruler 
with    the    purpose    and  expectation     or 
achieving    your   own    immortal    honor, 
without  the  idea  of  defect  and  forgive- 
ness and  faith  in  a  Saviour,  and  a  greater 
task  is  before  you  than  to  tread  the  zodiac 
of  the  universe."— «^.  Adams. 


I02 


Context. 


The   Lord  departs  finally  from  Galilee.       He 
sends  messengers  before  him  to  a  Samaritan  vil- 
lage.    They  are  rejected,  whereupon  James  and 
John  become  angry  and  Jesus   reproves   them. 
The  seventy  disciples  two  by  two  precede  Jesus 
through  Perea,  where  he  teaches  and  heals,  and 
answers   the    questions    of   a   lawyer   regarding 
eternal  life.     He  speaks  the  parable  of  The  Good 
Samaritan  and  gives  a  form  of  prayer.     He  visits 
Martha    and    Mary,    heals    a   man    born    blind, 
speaks  the  parable  of  The  Good  Shepherd,  and 
goes  to  Jerusalem  to  attend  the  feast  of  Dedica- 
tion.    He  dines  with  a  Pharisee  and  utters  woes 
against  hypocrisy,  and  a  warning  against  Phari- 
saism including   the    parable    of   the    rich   fool. 
When  told  of  the  murder  of   the    Galileans    by 
Pilate  he  speaks  the  parable  of  the  fig  tree.     He 
heals  a  woman  in  the  synagogue  on  the  Sabbath 
and  replies  to  the  question  whether  few  are  saved. 
He  replies  to  the  warning  against  Herod.     At  a 
Pharisee's  house  he  heals  a  man  with  the  dropsy 
on  the  Sabbath  day,  and  defends  his  act,  speak- 
ing many  parables  including  the   great    supper, 
the  lost  sheep,  the  lost  coin,  the  prodigal  son, 
the  rich  man  and  Lazarus.     He  counsels  the  dis- 
ciples   concerning    forgiveness   and    faith.     He 
goes  to  Bethany  and  raises  Lazarus,  and  learn- 
ing of  the  high-priest's  advice  that  he  be  put  to 
death  he  withdraws  to  Ephraim,  from  where  he 
goes  to  attend    the    passover.     On   the    way    to 
Jerusalem  he  heals  ten  lepers,   discourses  con- 
cerning the  kingdom,  speaking   the    parable    of 


T03 

the  unjust  judge.  He  speaks  the  parable  of  the 
Pharisee  and  the  publican,  and  replies  to  the 
Pharisees  concerning  divorce.  He  blesses  little 
children,  meets  the  rich  young  ruler,  and  speaks 
the  parable  of  the  laborers  in  the  vineyard.  He 
foretells  his  death  and  resurrection  and  reproves 
the  ambition  of  James  and  John.  Approaching 
Jericho  he  heals  two  blind  beggars,  and  in 
Jericho  visits  Zaccheus.  Next  day  he  speaks  the 
parable  of  the  pounds  and  reaches  Bethany  the 
same  day.  On  the  following  day  he  is  anointed 
by  Mary  and  starts  for  Jerusalem. 

The  Lord's  entry  into  the  city  and  the  events 
of  Passion  Week  are  set  forth  in  the  following 
studies.  It  will  be  noted  that  about  one-third  of 
Matthew  and  Mark,  and  more  than  one-third  of 
John,  are  devoted  to  the  closing  week. 


I04 


Summary  of  the  Period. 

What  is  called  the  Perean  Ministry  lasted  from 
October  A.  D.  29,  to  March  A.  D.  30,  inclusive, 
being  six  months.  Many  discourses  were  spoken 
having  to  do  with  the  training  of  the  twelve.  A 
group  of  fourteen  typical  and  suggestive  parables 
were  spoken,  largely  personal  in  character. 
There  were  a  few  striking  incidents,  the  chief 
of  which  was  the  raising  of  Lazarus,  for  as  a 
result  of  it  the  final  determination  was  reached 
to  put  Jesus  to  death.  The  period  was  character- 
ized by  a  sifting  process  which  resulted  in  better- 
ing the  quality  of  the  adherents  who  remained 
with  Jesus. 

The  Period  of  Triumph,  beginning  with  the 
triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem,  and  closing  with 
the  "  glorious  death  and  resurrection,"  needs  no 
comment. 


JERUSALEM 

in    the 
Time    of  Christ 


Gate  of  Ephrai 

or  O*  Benja 


KINGS     GARDEN 

C  m  *  C  S.  Coitont'CcMY. 


STUDY    XIX. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUMPH— Passion  Week. 

Sunday.  Triumphal  Entry  into  Jerusalem. 
Mark  xi :  i-ii. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v:  chap.  i.  Farrar,  chap, 
xlix,  pp.  195-204.  Stalker,  §§  145-147-  Geikie, 
chap.  Iv,  pp.  393-399. 

See  "Ben  Hur."  "Sinai  and  Palestine," 
pp.  188-191. 

I.  Study  and  Compa?'ison  of  Texts.  Matt,  xxi : 
i-ri.  Markxi:i-ii.  Luke  xix :  29-44.  John 
xii :  12-19. 

Note  differences  and  similarities  in  four 
columns  and  compare  with  R.  V. 

How  does  John's  record  differ  from  that  of 
the  synoptists  ? 

How  account  for  the  minute  description  by 
Mark  ? 


2.     Jesus'  directions. 

Who  were  the  two  disciples?  cf.  Luke 
xxii :  8. 

To  what  village  were  tlicy  sent? 

What  shows  the  sympathy  of  the  owners  of 
the  ass?     Luke  xix  133,  34. 


io8 

"The  account  leads  to  the  inference 
that  the  owner  of  the  ass  was  an  ad- 
herent of  Jesus,  who  had  perhaps  not 
yet  declared  himself.  The  number  of 
such  secret  followers  was  probably  very 
large." — Cambridge  Bible. 

The  Entry. 

Show  by  map  the  route  of  the  journey  and 
place  of  entrance. 

What  was  the  day,  year,  and  time  of  the  day  ? 

Where  was  the  ass  found?  Mark  xi':  4.  cf. 
Greek  and  R.  V. 

How  was  the  animal  appropriate  for  the 
occasion?     Matt.  xxi:5. 

How  does  this  entry  differ  from  previous 
visits  of  Jesus  to  the  Holy  City? 

What  was  the  significance  of  this  entry? 
Matt.  xxi:4. 

Compare  Pompey's  triumphal  entry. 

The  Reception. 

How  account  for  the  presence  of  the  multi- 
tudes?    John  xii  :  12,  18. 

What  was  the  meaning  of  their  enthusiasm? 

What  was  the  Hosanna  song?  Matt,  xxi :  o. 
Mark  xi :  9,  10.     Luke  xix  :  38. 

What  classes  joined  in  the  welcome? 

What  was  the  attitude  of  the  citizens  of  Jer- 
usalem, and  of  the  Pharisees? 

What  were  Jesus'  feelings  as  he  drew  near 
the  city?     Luke  xix  141-44. 

The  Maccabees  were  welcomed  to  Jerusalem 
in  like  manner.      "  Wherefore    bearing  wan  is 


I09 


wreathed  with  leaves,  and  fair  boughs  and 
palms  also,  they  offered  up  hymns  of  thanks- 
giving to  him  that  had  prosperously  brought  to 
pass  the  cleansing  of  his  own  place."  II  Mace. 
x:7. 

Monday. 

,    The  Cursing  of  the  Fig  Tree.     Matt,  xxi  :  i8, 
19  ;  Mark  xi  :  12-14  ;  cf.  Luke  xiii  :  6-10. 

"Three  eternal  lessons — a  symbol  of 
the  destruction  of  impenitence,  a  warn- 
ing of  the  peril  of  hypocrisy,  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  power  of  faith." — Farrar. 

.  .  ''the  need  of  realizing  simple 
faith,  the  absence  of  which  was  the 
cause  of  Israel's  leafy  barrenness." 

— Edersheim . 

"  It  was  the  very  type  of  the  hypocrisy 
which  has  only  leaves  and  no  fruit.  .  .  . 
They  were  to  learn  that  profession  with- 
out performance  found  no  favor  with 
their  Master." — Geikie. 

Second  Cleansing  of  the  Tetnple.  Matt,  xxi  : 
12-17  ;  Mark  xi :  15-19  ;  Luke  xix  :  45-48. 

Compare  the  cleansing  by  Maccabaeus.  II 
Mace.  X  :  1-8. 

When  had  Jesus  cleansed  the  temple  be- 
fore? 

Had  the  years  brought  any  improvement  ? 

The  proper  uses  of  the  temple  :  (i)  Prayer, 
Matt,  xxi  :  13  ;  (2)  Healing,  Matt,  xxi  :  14  ;  (3) 
Praise,  Matt,  xxi  :  15,  16. 


no 


Application. 
I.    The  Kingliness  of  Humility. 

"  Did  Jesus  compare  Himself  with 
each  of  those  disciples  and  own  Him- 
self the  inferior  of  each  ?  He  only  said 
by  His  exquisite  action  that  there  was 
something  in  everyone  of  them,  in  serv- 
ing which  even  His  divinity  found  no 
inappropriate  employment.  It  was  the 
truth  of  His  whole  Incarnation  wrought 
into  a  homely  picture.  And  the  humility 
of  Christ's  disciples,  as  He  said,  is  one 
in  nature  with  His  own." 

— Phillips  Brooks. 

"  Ride  on  !  ride  on  in  majesty  ! 
In  lowly  pomp  ride  on  to  die  ; 
Bow  thy  meek  head  to  mortal  pain  ; 
Then  talse,  O  God,  thy  power,  and  reign." 

— Mihtian. 

2.    The  Pathos  of  an  unfruitful  life. 

"  Ah,  who  shall  thus  the  Master  meet, 
And  bring  but  withered  leaves? 
Ah,  who  shall  at  the  Saviour's  feet. 
Before  the  awful  judgment  seat. 
Lay  down  for  golden  sheaves. 
Nothing  but  leaves  ■    Nothing  but  leaves  !  " 


STUDY    XX. 

PERIOD     OF    TRIUMPH— Passion    Week. 

Tuesday.  We  group  the  happenings  of  this 
day  under  (a)  Events,  (b)  Controversies,  (c)  Dis- 
courses. 

Events  : 

1.  T/ie  Fig   Tree    Withered.     Matt,   xxi  :  20-22  ; 
Mark  xi :  20-25. 

Evidently  Matthew  included  this  in  Mon- 
day's account  for  the  sake  of  continuity. 
wapaxpvi^o,  is  used  in  a  relative  sense. 

Was  Peter  impressed  with  the  miracle  or 
with  its  symbolic  meaning? 

What  lessons  in  prayer  are  taught  and  how 
are  they  deduced  from  the  miracle  ? 

"  The  expression  '  rooting  up  moun- 
tains '  is  in  common  Rabbinic  use  as  a 
hyperbole  for  doing  the  impossible  or 
the  incredible. " — Edcrsheini. 

2.  The  Widow's  Tiuo  Mites.     Mark  xii  :  41-44  ; 
Luke  xxi  :  1-4. 

"  He  spake  not  to  her  words  of  en- 
couragement, for  she  walked  by  faith  ; 
He  offered  not  promise  of  return,  for  her 
reward  was  in  heaven.  .  .  .  To  all 
time  it  has  remained  in  the  Church,  like 
the  perfume  of  Mary's  alabaster  that 
filled  the  house,  this  deed  of  self-deny- 
ing sacrifice." — Edersheim. 


112 


"Jesus  was  pleased  with  the  faith- 
fulness and  the  self-sacrificing  spirit  of 
the  gift.  He  wished  to  teach  forever  the 
great  lesson  that  the  essence  of  charity 
is  self-denial  ;  and  the  self-denial  of  this 
widow  in  her  pauper  condition "  (cf. 
Mark  xii :  42,  fiia  xvpa  T^Ttixv,  one  pauper 
widow)  "  was  far  greater  than  that  of 
the  wealthiest  Pharisee  who  had  con- 
tributed his  gold." — Farrar. 

3.    Greeks  seek  Jesus.     John  xii  :  20-36. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap,  iii,  pp.  389-395. 
Stalker,  §  155. 

What  light  does  the  narrative  throw  on  the 
apostle's  relation  to  Jesus? 

What  sign  did  Jesus  see  in  the  incident? 

How  does  he  connect  it  with  his  death? 

Upon  what  other  two  occasions  did  he  hear 
a  voice  from  heaven  ? 

What  was  its  significance  here  ? 

What  was  his  final  appeal  ? 

The  words  spoken  should  be  carefully 
studied  with  the  thought  in  mind  that  we  have 
mere  disjointed  sayings  and  reported  head- 
ings. 

"  His  public  work  was  over.  He  ap- 
pears no  more  in  His  Father's  house 
as  a  preacher  of  righteousness.  Hence- 
forth all  his  words  of  wisdom  are  ad- 
dressed to  His  own  disciples." 

— Andrezvs. 


113 

Application. 
I.    The  true  test  of  an  acceptable  gift. 

"  If  there  be  first  a  willing  mind,  it  is  ac- 
cepted according  to  that  a  man  hath,  and  not 
according  to  that  he  hath  not  .  .  .  God  loveth 
a  cheerful  giver." — Paul. 

"  He  doeth  well  who  doeth  his  best. 
He  doeth  well  who  strives." 


2.   Life's  greatest  vision. 

"  We  would  see  Jesus — for  the  shadows  lengthen 
Across  this  little  landscape  of  our  life  ; 
We  would  see  Jesus  our  weak  faith  to  strengthen 
For  the  last  weariness — the  final  strife. 

We  would  see  Jesus — this  is  all  we're  needing, 
Strength,  jo}^  and  willingness  come  with  the  sight 

We  would  see  Jesus,  dying,  risen,  pleading. 
Then  welcome  day,  and  farewell  mortal  night." 


STUDY    XXI. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUMPH— Passion  Week, 

Tuesday — Controversies. 

I.     Regarding    the    Authority    of  Jesus.      Matt, 
xxi :  23-27.     Mark  xi :  27-33.     Luke  xx  :  1-8. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap,  iii,  pp.  380-383. 
Farrar,  chap.  1,  pp.  217-220.  Geikie,  chap.  Iv. 
pp.  406-407. 

What  was  the  intention  of  the  question 
addressed  to  Jesus? 

What  did  the  rulers  regard  as  the  source  of 
Jesus'  authority? 

How  was  John's  work  a  preparation  for  the 
coming  of  Jesus  ? 

Were  they  honest  in  replying  "we  know 
not"? 

For  the  full  reply  of  Jesus,  the  three  follow- 
ing parables  must  be  noted. 

2.     Regarding  Tribute  to  Ccesar.     Matt,  xxii  :  15- 
22.     Mark  xii  :  13-17.     Luke  xx  :  20-26. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v :  chap,  iii,  pp.  383-386. 
Farrar,  chap,  li,  pp.  226-233.  Geikie,  chap. 
Ivi,  pp.  416-420. 

Who  were  now  put  forward  to  tempt  Jesus  ? 
Matt,  xxii :  16.  Mark  xii :  13.  Luke  xx:2o, 
fy/id^eroi =lyers  in  wait,  e7r<Af'/i/?dvQ=to  seize, 
cf.  Matt,  xxii:  15,  ■KayL6Ev(j>=.  xo  lay  a  snare 
for,  Mark  xii ;  13,  ayp£vo)=  to  take  in  hunting. 


115 


With  what  class  did  they  try  to  bring  him 
into  conflict  ? 

What  traits  did  they  concede  to  Jesus  ? 

Note  the  traits  he  finds  in  them.  Wicked- 
ness, Matt,  xxii :  i8.  Hypocrisy,  Mark  xii :  15. 
Craftiness,  Luke  xx  :  23. 

What  was  the  spirit  of  their  address  ? 

"  Smooth  dissimulation  taught  to  grace 
A  devil's  purpose  with  an  angel's  face." 

Who  was  the  Caesar  and  what  was  the  super- 
scription ? 

What  would  be  the  effect  of  a  'yes'  or  'no' 
answer? 

How  was  Jesus'  wisdom  shown  in  the  reply? 

"  They  had  asked  '  h^eort  dovvat' ;  he  corrects 
them  and  says,  '  aTzoddre.'" — Farrar.     cf.  I  Pet. 

ii:i3,  14. 

What  was  the  conclusion? 

Regarding  Resurrection.  Matt,  xxii :  33.  Mark 
xii :  18-27.     Luke  xx  :  27-38, 

Edersheim,  Bk,  v  :  chap,  iv,  pp.  396-403. 
Farrar,  chap,  li,  pp.  233-237.  Geikie,  chap. 
Ivi,  pp.  421,  422. 

Who  were  the  questioners  this  time? 

What  were  some  of  the  chief  differences 
between  Pharisees  and  Sadducees? 

On  what  previous  occasion  had  he  met  the 
Sadducees?     Matt,  xvi :  i. 

Does  their  question  here  seem  studied? 

How  does  Jesus  elevate  the  question  ? 

What  spirit  does  he  exhibit  in  his  reply? 

Of  what  does  he  prove  them  ignorant? 


ii6 

Regarding  the  Greatest  Commandment.  Mati. 
xxii :  34-40.     Mark  xii,  28-34. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v:  chap,  iv,  pp.  403-405. 
Farrar,  chap.  Hi,  pp.  238-242.  Geikie,  chap. 
Ivi,  pp.  423-425. 

Who  was  the  questioner  and  what  was  the 
spirit  of  his  question  ? 

How  did  Jesus  transfer  the  matter  to  spir- 
itual ground  ? 

What  was  the  effect  of  his  answer  on  the 
scribe  ?  Mark  xii :  32,  33,  and  on  the  people  ?  34. 

Regarduig  the  Messiah.  Matt,  xxii :  41-46. 
Mark  xii :  35-37.     Luke  xx  :  41-44. 

The  questioned  one  turns  questioner. 

How  did  Jesus  show  the  incompetence  of 
the  Pharisees  to  interpret  the  Old  Testament  ? 

The  significance  of  his  own  question  ?  Matt. 
xxii  :42. 

"There  could  be  but  one  answer — 
David's  son  by  human  birth,  but  David's 
Lord  by  divine  subsistence." — Farrar. 

Conclusion  of  Controversies.  Matt,  xxiii. 
Mark  xii :  38-40.     Luke  xx  :  45-47. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap,  iv,  pp.  406-414. 
Farrar,  chap.  Ivii,  pp.  244-251.  Geikie,  chap. 
Ivi,  pp.  426-432. 

What  characteristics  of  Pharisaism  were 
denounced?     Matt,  xxiii:  3-7. 

What  was  the  meaning  of  Jesus'  warning  to 
the  disciples?     Matt,  xxiii:  8-12. 

Note  the  eight  "Woes,"  (i)  Exclusiveness, 
vs.  13.     (2)  Covetousness,  vs.    14.     (3)  Prose- 


117 


lytism,  vs.  15.  (4)  Moral  Blindness,  vs.  16-22. 
(5)  Ceremonialism,  vs.  23,  24.  (6)  Purifica- 
tion, vs.  25,  26.  (7)  Pretence,  vs.  27,  28. 
(8)  Pride,  Impenitence,  Murder,  vs.  29-36. 

Note  the  lament  of  love  in  vs.  37,  and  the 
promise  implied  in  vs.  39. 

What  elements  in  Jesus'  character  are  dis- 
played in  this  chapter  ? 

Application. 

1.  Learn  from  the  bearing  of  Jesus  in  these  contro- 
versies to  lift  men  on  to  higher  ground.  It  is  a 
fallacy  to  say  that  "he  meets  men  on  their 
own  ground." 

Note  how  he  constantly  elevates  the  ques- 
tion into  a  spiritual  atmosphere,  and  how  he 
attempts  to  elevate  the  questioner. 

2.  The  true  attitude  in  controversy — sympathy^  not 
hostility. 

"  To  attack  men  remorselessly  in  con- 
troversy, often  drives  into  permanent 
opposition  those  who  might  be  won  by 
milder  treatment.  Men  may  appear  as 
opponents  of  Christianit)^  who  are  in 
their  hearts  very  near  it  ;  and  it  is 
Christ-like  to  detect  this  sympathy  and 
bring  it  to  expression.  To  prove  to 
men  that  they  are  outside  the  kingdom 
is  an  easy  thing  in  comparison  ;  but  it 
may  be  far  better  to  let  them  see  that 
they  are  only  a  few  steps  from  the 
threshold." — Stalkei's  Imago  Christi. 


STUDY    XXII. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUMPH— Passion  Week. 

Wednesday. 

This  day  was  spent  in  retirement  at  Bethany. 
"  The  Lord  left  the  temple  for  the  last 
time  on  Tuesday  afternoon.  His  public 
labors  were  ended.  How  was  this  period 
spent  ?  We  can  well  believe  that  some 
part  of  it  was  spent  alone,  that  he  might 
enjoy  that  free  communion  with  God 
which  he  had  so  earnestly  sought  in  the 
midst  of  His  active  labors,  and  which 
was  now  doubly  dear  to  Him  in  His 
speedy  death.  Some  part  of  it,  also, 
was  doubtless  devoted  to  His  disciples, 
giving  them  such  counsel  and  encour- 
agement as  was  demanded  by  the  very 
peculiar  and  trying  circumstances  in 
which  they  were  placed." — Andrews. 

Thursday, 

The  Last  Supper.    Matt,  xxvi  :  17-36.     Mark  xiv  : 
12-26.     Luke  xxii :  7-30.     John  xiii :  1-30. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v:  chap.  x.  Farrar,  chap. 
Iv.  Stalker,  §  160.  Geikie,  chap.  Iviii,  pp. 
461-476.  Phillips  Brooks'  sermon,  "Lord, 
is  it  I?"  "The  Upper  Room." — Watson. 
Lowell's  "Vision  of  Sir  Launfal." 


119 


I     Preparation  for   the   Passover.     Matt,    xxvi : 
17-19.     Mark  xiv  :  12-16.     Luke  xxii  :  7-13. 

"Who  were  the  messengers  chosen? 

Whose  home  may  have  been  designated  ? 
cf.  Acts  xii :  12. 

How  account  for  Jesus'  knowledge  of  the 
"goodman's  "  co-operation  ? 

"The  question  implies  that  Jesus  had 
already  had  some  understanding  with 
the  master  of  the  house  respecting  the 
matter  in  hand." — President  Dwight. 

Was  there  any  difference  between  "guest 
chamber  '*  and  "  upper  room  ?  " 

What  may  have  been  the  purpose  in  choos- 
ing an  upper  room  ? 

2.  The  Passover  Meal.     Luke  xxii :  14-18. 

What  did  the  passover  commemorate  ? 

For  the  probable  order  see  "Supplemental 
Study." 

What  was  a  probable  arrangement  in  the 
seating?     John  xiii  :  23-26. 

What  was  Jesus'  special  "  desire  to  eat  this 
passover?  "     vs.  15. 

3.  Contention    among  the    Twelve.     Luke    xxii : 
24-30. 

What  was  the  question  at  issue? 
What  ideas  of  the  kingdom  did  it  disclose  ? 
Note  the   needed  lesson  which  Jesus  gives 
on  humility  in  service. 


I20 


The  Foot7vashing.     John  xiii  :  1-20. 

What  reasons  does  John  assign  for  the  act? 
vs.  I,  3. 

What  is  the  spirit  of  Peter's  remonstrance  ? 

Note  how  Jesus  retains  his  dignit}^  in  this 
act  of  menial  service, 

Jesus'  explanation  of  the  object-lesson. 
vs.  12-17. 

"  He  had  done  it  to  teach  them  humil- 
ity, to  teach  them  self-denial,  to  teach 
them  love." — Farrar. 


5.  Withdrawal  of  Judas.  Matt,  xxvi :  21-25. 
Mark  xiv:  18-21.  Luke  xxii :  21-23.  John 
xiii :  21-30. 

What  influence  was  working  in  Judas? 
John  xiii :  2,  27. 

How  had  Jesus  been  lovingly  warning  him  ? 
John  xiii :  18,  21,  26. 

How  was  the  time  appropriate  for  the  act  ? 
vs.  30. 

"As  all  the  winds  on  some  night  of 
storm,  riot  and  howl  through  the  rent 
walls  of  some  desecrated  shrine,  so 
through  the  ruined  life  of  Judas,  envy 
and  avarice,  and  hatred  and  ingratitude, 
were  rushing  all  at  once  ...  so  from 
the  lighted  room,  from  the  holy  banquet, 
from    the   blessed    company,    from    the 


121 

presence  of  his  Lord,  he  went  immedi- 
ately out,  and,  as  the  blessed  disciple 
adds  with  a  shudder  of  dread  signifi- 
cance, letting  the  curtain  of  darkness 
fall  forever  on  that  appalling  figure — 
^ and  it  was  nisrht.'  " — Farrar. 


6.     Institution  of  the  Lor d^ s  Slipper.     Matt,  xxvi  : 
26-30.     Mark  xiv  :  22-26.     Luke  xxii :  19-20, 

How  is  the  social  aspect  of  the  institution 
emphasized  ? 

How  would  the  event  seem  natural  to  the 
Jewish  apostles? 

Significance  of  the  names  b}'  which  it  is 
known  in  the  Church  ? 

"Almost  everything  else  in  the  Lord's 
Supper  has  been  noticed  save  the  fact 
that  it  is.  in  its  form  and  in  the  manner 
of  its  institution,  not  only  the  most 
intense  and  soul-moving  expression  of 
that  unselfish  love  which  is  the  heart  of 
Christianity,  but  the  first  complete, 
decisive  and  designed  example  of  it." 

"  The  lessons  of  it,  the  spirit  of  it,  the 
witness  of  it  to  the  essentially  social 
nature  of  the  Church,  the  self-giving 
love  of  the  true  life  of  the  Church, 
levelling  all  earthly  distinctions,  and 
binding  Christians  together  in  one  true 
and  real  brotherhood,  these  can  never 
be  outgrown  or  cease." — Ira  S.  Dodd. 


122 


Application. 


1.  Seeking  for  place  or  seeking  for  service — which  ? 

"  Seek  ye  first  the  kingdom  of  God 
and  His  righteousness" — first  in  time, 
first  in  endeavor,  first  in  companionship, 
first  in  influence.  Far  too  many  college 
men  to-day  are  seeking,  in  the  first 
place,  honor,  society  interests,  athletic 
reputation, — things  that  however  com- 
mendable they  may  be  in  themselves, 
should  never  be  placed  before  a  man's 
responsibilit)^  and  duty  to  God  and  His 
work."—/.  R.  Mott. 

2.  The  Brotherhood  Spirit  in  Christianity. 

"  Blest  be  the  tie  that  binds 

Our  hearts  in  Christian  love, 
The  fellowship  of  kindred  minds, 
Is  like  to  that  above." 


SUPPLEMENTAL    STUDY 


THE   LORD'S  SUPPER. 

1.  Sttcdy  of  accounts.      Matt,  xxvi  :  26-30.      Mark 
xiv  :  22-26.   Luke  xxii  :  14-20.    I  Cor.  xi  :  23-26, 

(i)  Write  in  four  parallel  columns  the  ex- 
pressions which  are  similar — and  compare 
with  R.  V. 

(2)  Make  a  summary  of  peculiarities,  noting 

(a)  the  points  added  by  each  account, 

(b)  the   points    common    to    Matthew    and 
Mark, 

(c)  the  points  common  to  Luke  and  Paul. 

2.  Ha7'niony  of  accounts. 

With  these  tables  it  is  now  possible  to  com- 
bine the  four  accounts  into  a  complete  har- 
mony, making  use  of  every  expression  con- 
tained in  the  four  records. 

3.  Attitude  of  mind  in  approaching  the  Stippe?'. 

A  study  of  the  harmony  in  order  suggests 
the  following  attitudes  of  mind  in  partaking 
of  the  Supper. 


124 

(i)  Fellowship, 

.   .   .    "as  they  were  eating"  .    .   .   a  common 
meal. 

(2)  Prayer, 

.   .    .   "gave    thanks"    ...    an    element    in 
true  prayer. 

(3)  Faith, 

.   .   .    "my  body  ...   my  blood"     .    .   ,   ap- 
propriated by  faith. 

(4)  Obedience, 

.   .   .  "this  do"  .   .    .   because  He  commands 
it. 

(5)  Remembrance, 

.   .   .   "in  remembrance  of  me  "  .   .   .   a  sweet 
memorial. 

(6)  Forgiveness, 

.   .   .    "  remission  of  sins  "  .   .    ,   suggests  the 
cross. 

(7)  Consecration, 

.   .   .    "new   covenant"  .   .   .    constantly    re- 
newed. 

(8)  Anticipation, 

.   .   .   "  till  he  come  "  .  .  .   joyful  expectancy. 


125 


4.  Suggested  order  of  the  Passover — shewi  ng  steps 
in  the  institution  of  the  Lord's  Supper — in 
brackets. 

(i)  First  Cup — red  wine  and  water  :  (Luke 
xxvii :  17)  handwashing — (footwashing 
John  xiii :   1-20). 

(2)  Bowl — containing  sauce  for  bitter  herbs 

indicative  of  bondage,  and  unleavened 
bread  (''  Sop").     John  xiii  :  26. 

(3)  Second  Cup — father  explained  the  rite  = 

"shewing  forth."  I  Cor.  xi  :  26 — Sing 
1st  Hallel.     Psa.  cxiii,  cxiv. 

(4)  Lamb — the  feast  proper.     ("Jesus  took 

bread,"  etc.     Matt,  xxvi  :  26.) 

(5)  Third  Cup — called  the  "  cup    of   bless- 

ing "  because  of  special  benediction 
pronounced  over  it — ("  he  took  the  cup 
and  gave  thanks."  Matt,  xxvi  :  27, 
probably  followed  by  the  discourse. 
John  xiv — xvii). 

(6)  Fourth    Cup — followed    by    2nd    Hallel. 

Psa.  cxv-cxviii.  ("Sung  a  hymn." 
Matt,  xxvi :  30.) 


Names  for  the  ne^v  feast. 

(i)  The  Lord's  Supper.  I  Cor.  xi  :  20 — look- 
ing back  to  the  family  idea  in  the  Pass- 
over. 


^  126 

(2)  The  Lord's  Table.     I  Cor.  x  :  20,  because 

presided  over  by  him. 

(3)  The  Breaking  of  Bread.     Acts  ii :  42,  46  ; 

XX  :  7,  in  imitation  of  Jesus. 

(4)  Communion.     I  Cor.   x  :  16,  the  having 

of  things  in  common — referring  to  the 
fellowship  of  the  feast. 

(5)  Eucharist.      Matt,  xxvi  :  27 — evxapiareo)— 

with  reference  to  the  giving  of  thanks 
in  connection  with  the  cup. 

(6)  The  Action — taken  from  the  Latin  acHo 

gratiarum  ;  the  giving  of  thanks,  hence 
the  same  as  Eucharist.  This  name  is 
used  in  the  Westminster  Directory. 
Hence  "action-sermon"  among  the 
Scotch   precedes   the  communion. 

(7)  Sacrament.       Matt,    xxvi  :  28,     testanien- 

ttim.  Pledge  of  a  personal  relation  be- 
tween the  believer  and  Jesus  as  Lord 
and  Leader. 

(8)  Mass — and    Sacrament    of    the    Altar — 

used  by  Roman  Catholics  and  Luther- 
ans, are  unscriptural  and  misleading. 


STUDY    XXIII. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUriPH— Passion  Week. 

Friday. 

I.    Gethsejnane.     Matt,    xxvi  :  36-46  ;   Mark   xiv  : 
32-42  ;  Luke  xxii  :  39-46. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap,  xii,  538-541.  Far- 
rar,  chap.  Ivii,  pp.  305-316.  Stalker,  §§i6i, 
162.  Geikie,  chap.  Ix,  pp.  506-509.  Trench's 
poem,   "  The  Suppliant." 

What  was  the  feeling  of  the  disciples  pre- 
ceding the  garden  scene  ?     Mark  xiv  :  31. 

What  warning  did  Jesus  address  to  Peter  ? 
Luke  xxii  :  31,  32. 

At  what  other  crises  were  the  same  three 
disciples  chosen  ?    Matt,  xvii  :  i  ;  Mark  v  :  37. 

What  important  feature  does  Luke  add  ? 
Luke  xxii  :  44. 

What  was  the  cause  of  the  agony  ? 

"  It  was  the  burden  and  the  mj^stery 
of  the  world's  sin  which  lay  heavy  on 
His  heart  ;  it  was  the  tasting  in  the  di- 
vine humanity  of  a  sinless  life,  the  bit- 
ter cup  which  sin  had  poisoned.  .  .  . 
It  was  to  feel  that  His  own  to  whom  He 
came  loved  darkness  rather  than  light." 

— Farrar. 


128 

.  .  .  "the  chief  element  in  it, — the 
crushing,  scorching  presence  of  the  sin 
of  the  world,  which  He  was  then  expi- 
ating."— Stalker. 

"It  was  the  mother-heart  burdened 
with  the  sin  and  ingratitude  of  her  son 
who  smites  her  for  her  efforts  to  save 
him." — President  Woolsey. 

"  Gethsemane  can  I  forget? 
Or  there  Thy  conflict  see, 
Thine  agony  and  bloody  sweat, 
And  not  remember  Thee  ?  " 

2.  Betrayal  and  Arrest.  Matt,  xxvi  :  47-56  ; 
Mark  xiv  :  43-52  ;  Luke  xxii  :  47-53  ;  John 
xviii  :  1-12. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap,  xii,  p.  541.  Far- 
rar,  chap.  Ivii,  pp.  316-325.     Stalker,  §163. 

Combine  the  four  accounts,  putting  the 
events  in  order. 

What  personal  touch  is  added  by  Mark  ? 
xiv  :  51,  52  ;   by  John  ?  xviii  :  2. 

Note  how  Jesus  revealed  Judas  to  himself. 

What  became  of  the  disciples?  Matt,  xxvi  : 
56  ;  Mark  xiv  :  50. 

"  Forsake  the  Christ  thou  sawest  transfigured,  Him 
Who  trod  the  sea  and  brought  the  dead  to  life, 
What  should  wring  this  from  thee  ?     Ye  laugh  and  ask 
What  wrung  it  ?     Even  a  torchlight  and  a  noise, 
The  sudden  Roman  fasces,  violent  hands, 
And  fear  of  what  the  Jews  might  do  !    Just  that, 
And  it  is  written,  '  I  forsook  and  fled.' 
There  was  my  trial  and  it  ended  thus." 

— Brownine' s  ''''Death  in  the  Desert.^^ 


129 


3-    Ecclesiastical  Trial. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap.  xiii.  Farrar,  chaps. 
Iviii,  lix.  Stalker,  ^^  166-173.  Geikie,.  chap, 
Ixi. 

(i)  Before  Annas.    John  xviii  :  12-14,  19-24- 

What  was  the  position  and  influence  of 
Annas  ? 

Why  was  Jesus  brought  first  to  him  ? 
The  hearing  of  Jesus  before  Annas? 

(2)  Before  Caiaphas.  Matt,  xxvi  :  57-68  ; 
Mark  xiv  :  53-65  ;  Luke  xxii  :  54-56,  63-65. 

Who  were  the  accusers  ? 

What  methods  did  they  employ? 

How  account  for  the  silence  of  Jesus? 

What  was  the  design  of  Caiaphas'  questions  ? 

The  result  of  the  trial  ? 

Follow  Peter  through  these  scenes  and  note 
especially  his  own  vivid  account  in  Mark's 
gospel. 

(3)  Before  the  Sanhedrin.    Luke  xxii  :  66-71. 
What  power  did  this  body  possess  ? 

What  irregularities  in  bringing  Jesus  there  ? 

4.    Civil  Trial. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v  :  chap.  xiv.  Farrar,  chap. 
Ix.  Stalker,  §§  174-180.  Geikie,  chap.  Ixii. 
Robertson's  Sermons,  "The  Kingdom  of  the 
Truth"  and  "The  Skepticism  of  Pilate." 


I30 


(i)  Before  Pilate.  Matt,  xxvii  :  11-14  ;  Mark 
XV  :  1-5  ;  Luke  xxiii  :  1-7  ;  John  xviii  :  28-38. 

What  was  the  character  of  Pilate  ? 

What  three-fold  accusation  was  made  to 
him  ?     Luke  xxiii :  2. 

Why  did  Pilate  select  that  concerning  king- 
ship ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  Jesus'  repl)^? 
In    what    spirit    did    Pilate    ask     '  What    is 
truth?' 

What  was  Pilate's  verdict? 

(2)  Before  Herod.     Luke  xxiii  :  7-12. 

Which  Herod  was  this  ? 

How  did  he  treat  the  accusations  ? 

The  bearing  of  Jesus  ? 

(3)  Before  Pilate  again.  Luke  xxiii  :  13-25  ; 
John  xix  :  1-16.  Cf.  Matt,  xxvii  :  15-31  ; 
Mark  xv  :  6-20. 

"The  Evangelists  have  passed  as 
rapidly  as  possible  over  the  last  scenes 
of  indignity  and  horror,  and  we  are  too 
thankful    to    follow   their    example." — 

Edersheim. 

Contrast  Pilate  the  temporizer  and  Jesus 
the  King. 

"  I  see  the  crowds  in  Pilate's  hall, 
I  mark  their  wrathful  mien. 
Their  shouts  of  '  Crucify  '  appal. 
With  blasphemy  between." 


131 

Application. 

I.    Sufferuig  for  righteousness'  sake 

"  Who  best  can  drink  his  cup  of  woe, 
And  triumph  over  pain, 
Who  patient  bears  his  cross  below— 
He  follows  in  his  train." 

— Heber. 

2.    The  Christian  on  trial. 

Does  he  stand  condemned  like  the  com- 
promising and  time-serving  Pilate?  or 

Does  he  stand  innocent  and  flawless  like 
the  Crystal  Christ? 

*'  He  and  Pilate  stood  face  to  face. 
He  in  the  prisoner's  lonely  place,  Pilate 
in  the  place  of  power.  Yet  how  strangely, 
as  we  look  back  at  the  scene,  are  the 
places  reversed  ....  On  all  who  ap- 
proached Christ,  when  He  was  in  the 
world,  there  fell  a  light  in  which  both 
the  good  and  the  evil  in  them  were 
revealed.  It  was  a  search-light,  that 
penetrated  into  every  corner  and  ex- 
posed every  wrinkle.  Men  were  judged 
as  they  came  near  Him.  Is  it  not  so 
still  ?  We  never  show  so  entirel}^  what 
is  in  us  as  by  the  way  in  which  we  are 
affected  by  Christ.  We  are  judging 
ourselves  and  passing  sentence  on  our- 
selves for  eternity  by  the  way  in  which 
we  deal  with  Yixm:'— Stalker. 


STUDY  XXIV. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUMPH— Passion  Week. 

Friday. 

Crucifixion  and  Burial. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v:  chap.  xv.  Farrar,  chap. 
Ixi.     Stalker,  §§  190-198.     Geikie,  chap.  Ixiii. 

I.      Via  Dolorosa.     Matt,   xxvii :  32.     Mark  xv  : 
21.     Luke  xxiii :  26-32. 

Why  was  Simon  obliged  to  carry  the  cross  ? 

"  What  a  name  of  honor  has  he  in  the 
gospel  as  the  cross-bearer  of  the  Son 
of  God  !  and  yet  this  honor  put  upon 
him  is  but  the  earnest  of  the  glory  of 
all  who  bear  the  cross  after  Jesus." — 
Sadlei'. 

Why  are  the  women  bade  not  to  weep  for 
Jesus  ? 

The  Apocryphal  writings  contain  many 
legends  of  the  journey  to  Calvary.  Perhaps 
the  best  known  is  that  of  the  Wandering  Jew, 
who  refused  to  let  Jesus  rest  a  moment  against 
his  porch,  and  hence  was  condemned  to  keep 
moving  on,  without  rest,  till  the  last  day. 


^33 


2.  T^e  Ci-ucifixion.  Matt,  xxii  :  33-56.  Mark 
XV  :  22-41.  Luke  xxiii :  33-49.  John  xix  : 
16-37. 

At  what  hour  of  the  day  was  the  cross   ele- 
vated ? 

Why  did  Jesus  refuse  the  offered  drink  ? 

The  title  over  the  cross  ? 

For  whom   and  for  what  did  Jesus  pray  in 
his  first  utterance  ?     Luke  xxiii  :  34. 

What  garments  were  divided  ?     John   xix  : 
23,  24. 

Significance  of  his  crucifixion  with  two  rob- 
bers?    Isa.  liii :  12. 

What    evidences    of    one    robber's    conver- 
sion ?     Luke  xxiii  :  39-43. 

Meaning  of    the  second    utterance?     Luke 
xxiii  :  43. 

Love    manifested    in    the    third    utterance  ? 
John  xix  :  26,  27. 

How    was    the    fourth    utterance    misinter- 
preted ?     Mark  xv  :  34,  35. 

The  fifth  utterance  ?     John  xix  :  28. 

What  does  the  sixth   utterance    "It   is   fin- 
ished "  mean  ?     John  xix  :  30. 

The  seventh  utterance  ?     Luke  xxiii  :  46. 

"  Now  the  darkness  is  gone  ;  he  has 
recovered  his  light,  his  Father's  face. 
It  is  the  first  eflfect  of  the  completion 
of  redemption,  the  glorious  prelude  of 
the  resurrection." — Godet. 


134 

What  was  tlie  physical  cause  of  Jesus'  death  ? 

What  supernatural  signs  followed  the  death 
of  Jesus?  Matt,  xxviii  :  51-54.  Mark  xv  : 
38,  39.     Luke  xxiii  :  45,  47,  48. 

"  Well  might  the  sun  in  darkness  hide, 
And  shut  his  glories  in  ; 
When  Christ,  the  Mighty  Maker,  died, 
For  man  the  creature's  sin." 

The  Burial.  Matt,  xxvii  :  57-61.  Mark  xv  : 
42-47.     Luke  xxiii :  50-55.     John  xix  :  38-42. 

Note  the  statements  about  Joseph  in  the 
four  accounts. 

Where  was  the  body  laid  ? 

Who  assisted  Joseph  ? 

What  indications  of  haste  in  the  burial  ? 


Applications. 

I.    Christ's  Crucijixioji  for  Maft.     Matt,  xxvii :  38. 

"Men  say  that  Thou 
Didst  die  for  me,  for  such  as  me. 
Patient  of  ill  and  death  and  scorn, 
And  that  my  sin  was  as  a  thorn 
Among  the  thorns  that  girt  Thy  brow, 
Wounding  Thy  soul." — Tennyson. 

"  Slain  for  bringing  life  ; 
But  to  the  cross  He  nails  thy  enemies, 
The  law  that  is  against  thee,  and  the  sins 
Of  all  mankind,  with  Him  there  crucified, 
Never  to  hurt  them  more  who  rightly  trust 
In  this  His  satisfaction." — Milton. 


135 


2.   Mans  Crucifixion  with  Christ.     Gal.  ii  :  20. 

"  I  see  a  man  setting  himself  against 
temptation,  conquering  his  sins,  giving 
up  the  world  for  his  Lord.  It  is  a 
struggle  full  of  pain.  His  heart  and 
flesh  fail  him.  How  can  he  bear  what 
breaks  his  whole  strength  down  ?  And 
then  there  comes  to  him  the  picture  of 
the  Master's  crucifixion,  and,  humbly 
associating  his  own  pain  with  the  pain 
of  Him  on  whose  strength  he  relies,  he 
says,  'I  am  crucified  with  Christ.*  But 
as  I  watch  him  I  am  sure  that  some- 
thing new  is  coming  to  him.  Deep 
down  in  that  pain  of  his  he  finds  most 
unexpected  treasures.  He  learns  how 
God  loves  him.  He  finds  the  absolute 
happiness  of  doing  God's  will  whatever 
be  its  consequences.  And,  drawn  into 
the  spiritual  life,  he  sees  the  future  glory 
of  the  world  when  Jesus  shall  be  its 
King." — Phillips  Brooks. 


STUDY    XXV. 

PERIOD  OF  TRIUMPH— Passion  Week. 

Sunday. 

The  Resurrection.  Matt,  xxviii  :  1-15.  Mark 
xvi  :  i-ii.     Luke  xxiv  :  1-12.     John  xx  :  1-18. 

Edersheim,  Bk.  v:  chap.  xvii.  Farrar,  chap. 
Ixii.  Stalker,  §§  igg-205.  Geikie,  chap.  Ixiv. 
Phillips  Brooks'  Sermons,  "An  Easter  Ser- 
mon." 


1.  Study  and  Comparison  of  Texts. 

Compare  the  four  narratives,  noting  agree- 
ments and  differences. 

How  are  the  variations  a  proof  of  genuine- 
ness of  the  accounts  ? 

What  details  are  peculiar  to  Matthew  ?  to 
Mark  ?  to  Luke  ?  to  John  ? 

2.  Visit  of  Women  to  the  Tomb. 

Who  were  in  the  company?  Mark  xvi:i. 
Luke  xxiv  :  10. 

"  She  when  apostles  fled  could  danger  brave, 
Last  at  his  cross  and  earliest  at  his  grave." 

What  time  did  they  visit  the  tomb  ? 
What  was  the  object  of  their  visit  ? 


137 

'•  This  is  proof  that  they  did  not  sup- 
pose he  would  rise  again,  but  the  fact 
that  they  did  not  expect  he  would  rise 
gives  more  strength  to  the  evidence  for 
his  resurrection," — Jacobtis. 

What  was  their  conversation  by  the  way  ? 


3.     Evidences  of  the  Resurrection. 
(i)  The  Open  Sepulchre. 

What    precautions    were    taken   to    keep    it 
closed?     Matt.  XX  vii :  62-66. 

How  was  it  opened  ?     Matt,  xxviii :  2. 

(2)  The  Empty  Tomb. 

No    details    of  method  and  manner    of   the 
resurrection. 

What  evangelist  says  "they  found  not  the 
body?" 

"  Christ  the  Lord  is  risen  to-day, 
Sons  of  men  and  angels  say  ; 
Raise  your  joys  and  triumphs  high  ! 
Sing,  ye  heavens  !  and  earth  reply  I  " 

(3)  Belief  of  the  women. 

What  did  they  see  in  the  tomb?     Mark  xvi : 
25. 

The  effect  produced  on  them.    Luke  xxiv  :  5. 


138 

With  myrrh  and  with  aloes 

We  balmed  and  we  bathed  him, 
Loyally,  lovingly. 

Tenderly  swathed  him : 

With  cerecloth  and  band 

For  the  grave  we  arrayed  him  ; 
But,  oh,  he  is  gone 

From  the  place  where  we  laid  him." 

—  Goethe's  Faust. 

(4)  Visit  of  Peter  and  John. 

How  did  they  come  to  the  tomb  ? 
What  did  they  see  ? 
The  effect  produced  ? 

(5)  The  report  of  the  guard, 

(6)  The  appearances.  (See  table  on  next  page. ) 

"  The  great  fact  which  may  unhesi- 
tatingly be  pronounced  that  best  estab- 
lished in  history." — Edersheim. 

"The  very  existence  of  the  Christian 
Church  is  a  proof  of  the  resurrection  of 
Jesus.  Faith  in  mere  visions  or  phan- 
toms may  produce  phantoms,  but  not 
such  a  phenomena  as  the  Christian 
Church,  the  greatest  fact  and  the  might- 
iest institution  in  the  history  of  the 
world." — President  Woolsey. 

"He  came  as  an  exceptional  man,  and 
when  He  died  there  was  an  antecedent 
presumption  of  His  resurrection,  as  was 
the  case  with  no  other  man.  So  that 
5'ou  can  say,  as  it  is  said  in  the  Acts, 
'  It  was  not  possible  that  He  should  be 
holden  of  death  '  " — President  Patton. 


139 


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APPLICATION. 


I.      Our  hopelessness  if  the  resurrection  is  not  a 
fact.     I  Cor.  XV  :  14-19. 

The  doubtful  and  perhaps  hopeless  feelings 
of  the  disciples  while  waiting  for  Jesus  to 
fulfill  "his  promise  that  he  would  appear  to 
them  in  Galilee  as  their  risen  Lord,  are  thus 
represented  by  Arthur  Clough  : 


"Ye  men  of  Galilee  ! 
Why  stand  ye  looking  up  to  heaven,  where  Him  ye  ne'er 

may  see, 
Neither  ascending  hence,  nor  returning  hither  again  ! 

Ye  ignorant  and  idle  fishermen  ! 
Hence  to  your  huts,  and  boats,  and  inland  native  shore. 
And  catch  not  men,  but  fish  ; 
Whate'er  things  ye  may  wish. 
Him  neither  here  nor  there  ye  e'er  shall  meet  with  more. 

Ye  poor  deluded  youths,  go  home  : 
Mend  the  old  nets  ye  left  to  roam  ; 
Tie  the  split  oar,  patch  the  torn  sail ; 
It  was  an  idle  tale — 
He  was  not  risen  !  " 

"  You  may  just  as  well  shut  up  the 
Bible,  recall  the  missionaries,  pull  down 
the  churches,  and  let  us  eat,  drink  and 
be  merry,  for  to-morrow  we  die  and 
don't  know  what  is  coming  next,  if  it 
be  not  true  that  Jesus  Christ  rose  from 
the  dead." — President  Patton. 


141 


2.      Oitr  hope  if  the  resurrection  is  a  fact.      I  Cor. 
XV  :  20. 

"  We  need  all  the  solace  and  strength 
which  we  can  derive  from  the  Resurrec- 
tion of  Christ,  and  it  is  given  to  us  in 
the  form  in  which  it  can  be  of  the  highest 
service  and  deepest  comfort.  We  may 
cherish  the  anticipation  which  shall  not 
exceed  the  reality.  While  this  is  true 
and  we  liv^e  in  hope,  we  are  so  mindful 
that  the  resurrection, — Christ's  and  our 
friends,  and  our  own, — is  now  to  make 
the  life  in  this  world  more  full  of  mean- 
ing, more  closely  and  consciously  united 
to  the  divine  life  in  which  we  live." — 
Alex.  AIcKenzie. 

"  Shine,  then,  Thou  Resurrection  Light ! 
Upon  our  sorrows  shine  ! 
The  fulness  of  Thy  joy  be  ours, 

As  all  our  griefs  were  Thine. 
Now,  in  this  changing,  dying  life. 

Our  faded  hopes  restore. 
Till,  in  Thy  triumph  perfected. 
We  taste  of  death  no  more." 

— A.  L.  Waritig;. 


142 


'  King  of  Glory  !  reign  forever — 
Thine  an  everlasting  crown  ; 
Nothing,  from  Thy  Love,  shall  sever 
Those  whom  Thou  hast  made  thine  own  ; — 
Happy  objects  of  Thy  grace. 
Destined  to  behold  Thy  face. 

Saviour  !  hasten  Thine  appearing  ; 

Bring,  oh,  bring  the  glorious  day. 
When  the  awful  summons  hearing. 
Heaven  and  earth  shall  pass  away  ; — 

Then,  with  golden  harps,  we'll  sing, — 
'Glory,  glory  to  our  King'  !" 

—Kelly. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


The  following  photographs  from  the  works  of 
leading  masters  may  be  obtained  at  art  stores  or 
from  the  Soule  Photograph  Co.,  338  Washington 
St.,  Boston,  Mass.  They  will  add  great  interest 
to  the  work  and  if  pasted  in  the  notebook  oppo- 
site each  study  will  make  a  valuable  collection. 
Cabinet  size,  unmounted,  15  cents  each.  Stere- 
opticon  slides  50  cents  each. 

Study  II.— Annunciation,  Deger.  Road  to  Beth- 
lehem, and  Bethlehem,  Nature.  Arrival  at 
Bethlehem,  Merson.  Birthplace  of  Jesus, 
Nature.  Birth  of  Jesus,  LeRolle.  Holy  Night, 
Correggio  and  Milller.  Place  of  Appearance  to 
the  Shepherds,  Nature.  Apparition  to  the 
Shepherds,  Plockhorst.  Adoration  of  the  Shep- 
herds, Bouguereau  and  DorL 

Study  III.— Herod  and  the  Magi,  Conca.  Jour- 
ney of  the  Magi,  Portaels.  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,  Pfannschmidt.  Circumcision,  Fra  Bar- 
tolonwteo.  Presentation  of  the  Infant  Christ  to 
Simeon,  Fra  Bartolommeo  and  Carpaccio.  Flight 
into  Egypt,  Dastugue  and  Plockhorst.  Repose 
in  Egypt,  Merson  and  Plockhorst. 


144 


Study  IV.— Nazareth,  Nature.  Childhood  of 
Christ,  Hofmann.  Christ  Child,  Afunih-, 
Ittenbach  and  Sinkel.  Jesus  on  the  Avay  to 
Jerusalem,  Mengelberg.  Jerusalem,  Nature. 
Finding  of  Jesus  in  the  Temple,  Hofmann  and 
Hunt. 

Study  V.— Youthful  John  the  Baptist,  DelSarto 
aud  Perrault.  John  the  Baptist  preaching  in 
the  Wilderness,  Titian  aud  Dore.  River  Jor- 
dan, Nature.  Baptism  of  Jesus,  Miirillo  and 
Dore'. 


Study  VL— The  Temptation,    Scheffer  and  Cor- 
nicclius. 

Study  VII.— Calling  of  Peter  and  Andrew,  Zim- 
mermann.     Cana,  N'atitre.     Marriage  at  Cana 
Veronese. 

Study  VIII.— Jesus  and  Nicodemus. 

Study  IX.— Jesus  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria, 
Dore. 

Study    XI. — Apostles    preaching,    Dore.       The 
Twelve  Disciples  departing,   Wohlgemuth. 

Study  XII.— Mount  of  the  Beatitudes,  Nature. 
Sermon  on  the  Mount,  Dore. 

Study    XIII.— Christ    feeding    the    Multitude, 

Muj'illo, 


145 
Study  XVI.— Transfiguration  by  Raphael. 

Study  XVIII.— J osus  and  the  rich  young  man, 
Hofmann. 

Study  XIX.— Jesus'  ontrance  into  Jerusalem. 
Plockhorst  and  Degcr.  Jesus  overthrowing  the 
Money-Changers,  Kirchbuck.  Christ's  Lamen- 
tation over  Jerusalem,  Eastlake. 

Study  XX.— The  Widow's  Mite,  Bida. 

Study  XXII.— The  Last  Supper,  DaVinci  and 
Bida.  Jesus  washing  the  feet  of  his  disciples, 
Bida. 

Study  XXIII. —Garden  of  Gethsemane,  Nature. 
Jesus  and  his  disciples  in  the  Garden,  Jala- 
bert.  Jesus  in  the  Garden  of  Gethsemane, 
Hofmann.  Kiss  of  Judas,  Scheffer.  Rock  of 
the  Apostles  and  place  of  treason  of  Judas, 
Nature.  Denial  of  Peter,  IVest  and  Harrach. 
Jesus  before  Caiaphas  the  High  Priest.  Jesus 
before  Pilate,  Munkacsy.     Ecce  Homo,  Ciseri. 

Study  XXIV.  — Christ  conducted  to  Calvary, 
Hofmann.  Elevation  of  the  Cross,  Crucifixion, 
and  Descent  from  the  Cross,  Rubens.  Dark- 
ness covering  the  Land,  Gerome.  Entomb- 
ment, Francia. 


146 

Study  XXV.— Holy  Women  at  the  tomb  of 
Christ,  Bouguereau  and  Plockhorst,  The  Angel 
appears  to  the  Holy  Women,  Bida.  Resurrec- 
tion, Naack.  Christ's  charge  to  Peter,  Raphael. 
Incredulity  of  Thomas,  Rubens.  Jesus  and  his 
disciples  on  their  way  to  Emmaus,  Plockhorst. 
Christ  and  his  disciples  at  Emmaus,  FiXrst. 
Supper  at  Emmaus,  Miiller. 


SUGGESTIONS    TO    LEADERS. 

/,     Meeting  of  Comniittee. 

Emphasize  : 

(i)  Their  responsibility  for  all  details,  care  of 
room,  in  airing,  heating  and  lighting,  placing  of 
books,  etc. 

(2)  Their  responsibility  for  preparation  of  les- 
sons in  advance,  in  order  to  co-operate  by  an- 
swering and  asking  questions  in  the  class. 

(3)  Their  responsibility  to  look  up  absentees 
and  increase  the  membership. 

(4)  Their  responsibility  to  understand  the 
object  of  the  course  thoroughly,  so  as  to  be  able 
to  present  its  merits  with  intelligence  and  con- 
viction. 

2.     First  meeting  of  class. 

(i)  Organization  :  Announce  names  of  Com- 
mittee, appoint  Secretary,  secure  list  of  names 
and  addresses  by  passing  slips  for  each  to  sign. 

(2)  Explain  the  object  of  the  course  and  its 
connection  with  the  plan  of  permanent  and  pro- 
gressive study,  if  such  is  in  use. 

(3)  Explain  the  method  to  be  pursued. 

(4)  Explain  how  to  prepare  a  lesson,  using  the 
points  in  the  next  section,  and  illustrating  by  a 
concrete  example.  Do  not  assume  that  the  class 
know  how  to  study  in  private.  Probably  four- 
fifths  of  them  have  no  well-defined  plan. 


148 


(5)  Present  introduction  to  the  course,  and 
arouse  as  much  interest  in  it  as  possible.  Pre- 
sent it  as  the  sine  qtia  non,  and  emphasize  the 
value  of  personal  private  preparation. 

J.      Order  for  private  sHidy. 

Preparation  should  be  commenced  a  week  in 
advance,  in  somewhat  the  following  order  : 

(i)  Prayer.  That  the  Holy  Spirit,  who  in- 
spired holy  men  of  old  as  they  wrote,  may 
inspire  us  in  handling  aright  the  Word  of  Truth. 
"  Lord  open  Thou  mine  eyes,"  should  be  the 
spirit  of  daily  prayer. 

(2)  Study  of  the  texts  in  their  connection,  ex- 
amining all  cross-references,  using  the  Bible, 
and  nothing  but  the  Bible.  It  is  a  grave  mistake 
to  introduce  crutches  until  forced  to  it.  Read 
and  re-read  the  text  until  saturated  with  it. 

(3)  Study  of  parallel  passages  and  comparison 
of  texts  :  that  is,  compare  Authorized  Version 
with  Revised  Version,  Greek,  German,  French, 
and  any  other  texts  which  may  be  read.  Those 
who  have  tried  this  plan  testify  to  its  effective- 
ness for  a  mastery  of  the  text.  If  the  Author- 
ized Version  is  used  as  a  basis,  the  comparison 
with  the  Revised  Version  will  throw  much  light 
on  the  text.  In  the  same  riianner  the  reading  of 
Greek,  German,  French  and  other  texts  will  add 
flavor  to  the  study,  and  frequently,  by  the  idiom 
of  languages,  will  serve  to  explain  obscure  pas- 
sages and  allusions. 

(4)  Use  Commentaries  and  Concordance. 
"  Young's  Analytical  Concordance  "  is  probably 


149 


the  best  in  English,  Cruden  is  unsatisfactory 
because  so  incomplete.  In  the  matter  of  com- 
mentaries there  are  certain  standard  works  to 
which  all  students  of  the  Scriptures  should  have 
access  if  possible,  ^.  ^.  :  Edersheim,  for  "The 
Life  of  Jesus  "  ;  Trench,  for  "  Parables  and  Mir- 
acles" ;  Conybeare  and  Howson,  for  "The  Life 
of  Paul";  and  the  "Cambridge  Bible  for 
Schools  and  Colleges,"  for  the  text. 

(5)  Practical  lessons.  Lessons  which  grow 
out  of  the  event  or  circumstances  for  the  people 
of  the  times  under  review.  Without  any  refer- 
ence to  our  own  times,  what  did  it  all  mean  to 
them  ? 

(6)  Application.  First,  apply  the  lessons  per- 
sonally. Then  select  one  or  two  which  can  be 
presented  with  earnestness  and  conviction. 
Never  lug  in  an  application.  The pefsonne/,  sur- 
roundings, and  needs  of  the  class  should  con- 
stantly be  kept  in  view,  and  the  application  such 
as  will  appeal  to  the  best  there  is  in  them,  and 
inspire  to  nobler  living. 

4.      Order  of  exercises. 

Time,  fifty  minutes.  Investigation  and  experi- 
ment lead  to  the  conclusion  that  ordinarily 
classes  lasting  for  over  an  hour  grow  tiresome. 
Some  of  the  larger  colleges  have  discovered  that 
better  work  can  be  secured  in  fifty  minute  than 
in  sixty  minute  periods.  This  order  is  intended 
to  be  suggestive  only,  and  may  be  varied  accord- 
ing to  circumstances.  Whatever  time-limit  is 
adopted  should  be  rigidly  adhered  to,  and  the 


ISO 


leader  should  not  make  the  mistake  of  occasion- 
ally transgressing  because  he  thinks  that  the 
study,  or  perchance  he,  is  more  interesting  than 
usual, 

(i)  Sing  (three  minutes).  A  hymn  appropriate 
to  the  main  thought  of  the  study. 

(2)  Roll-call  (three  minutes)  ;  omit  if  desirable. 

(3)  Scripture  reading  in  concert  (three  minutes). 
Introduce  variety,  reading  sometimes  verse 
about,  sometimes  in  unison,  and  where  the  text 
is  disconnected,  interspersing  with  the  study. 
Above  all,  read  reverently. 

(4)  Prayer  by  member  of  the  class  (two  min- 
utes). The  request  should  be  made  in  advance, 
to  insure  preparation. 

(5)  Leader  answers  questions  of  previous 
week  from  question-box  (three  minutes).  Brief, 
direct  answers  written  on  the  paper  which  con- 
tains the  question.  Frequently  this  may  be 
handed  to  the  asker  if  his  name  is  known,  and 
thus  save  the  time  of  the  class. 

(6)  Questions  in  review  (three  minutes).  Sum- 
ming up  the  gist  of  the  previous  stud3^ 

(7)  Study  of  lesson  (thirty  minutes).  Realize 
the  brevity  of  the  time  and  do  not  waste  a  minute. 

(8)  Prayer  by  leader  (three  minutes).  This 
should  be  the  crown  of  it  all,  carrying  the  entire 
class  into  the  very  presence  of  God. 

J.     Aids  to  utter  est. 

(i)  Blackboard.  Write  outline  of  study  each 
time. 

(2)  Map.  Encourage  drawing  of  maps  by 
class,  and  use  maps  and  charts  so  made. 


151 


(3)  Question-box.  Lack  of  time  prevents  sat- 
isfactory discussion  of  questions  continually 
arising.  Ask  that  such  questions  be  written  out 
and  placed  in  the  box  for  answer  the  following 
week. 

(4)  Note-books.  Set  the  example  by  keeping 
a  clean,  orderly,  and  sj^stematic  note-book,  and 
strongly  advise  it  in  the  class. 

(5)  Illustrations.  Be  on  the  constant  lookout 
for  all  side-lights.  They  may  be  found  in  daily 
reading,  clippings  from  religious  weeklies,  ex- 
tracts from  sermons,  personal  conversations, 
etc.     Keep  large  envelope  for  clippings. 

6.     Method  of  teaching. 

May  be  either  the  lecture  system  or  the  ques- 
tion and  answer  system.  The  former  has  many 
disadvantages  : 

(i)  It  savors  of  the  formal  lecture-room. 

(2)  Fails  to  secure  active  interest  of  the  class. 

(3)  Lacks  incentive  to  study. 

(4)  Places  no  premium  on  independent  thought. 

(5)  Wearies  flesh  and  spirit,  especially  if  the 
leader  uses  the  "hammer  and  tongs  method"  ; 
i.  e.,  seeks  to  make  impressions  by  doing  all  the 
talking. 

(6)  Where  a  student  is  the  leader,  places  him 
in  a  position  of  unnatural  superiority. 

Some  of  the  advantages  of  the  question  and 
answer  system  are  : 
(i)  Its  informality. 

(2)  It  stirs  independent  thought. 

(3)  Keeps  logical  chain  of  thought. 


152 


(4)  Holds  attention  of  larger  numbers. 

(5)  Secures  mutual  acquaintance  of  class  and 
leader. 

Much  depends  upon  the  careful  preparation 
by  the  leader  of  a  series  of  connected  questions, 
parallel  with  the  printed  outline,  in  order  to  de- 
velop for  the  class  the  line  of  thought  in  his  own 
mind,  and  to  draw  out  the  practical  lessons. 
Irxliscriminate  asking  of  questions  should  not 
be  allowed,  and  the  leader  should  keep  the 
questioning  pretty  much  in  his  own  hands,  giv- 
ing an  opportunity  to  the  class  at  the  close  of 
each  section. 

All  questions  should  be  aimed  at  : 
(i)  Revealing  knowledge  or  ignorance  of  the 
matter  in  hand. 

(2)  Fixing  truth  in  the  mind. 

(3)  Fixing  the  meaning  of  the  section  studied. 

(4)  Applying  the  practical  lessons  to  the  indi- 
vidual heart. 

The  method  may  be  abused  by  : 
(i)  Adopting  the  method  so  rigidly  that  posi- 
tive teaching  is  excluded. 

(2)  Asking  too  many  simple  questions. 

(3)  Asking  too  many  questions  which  are  left 
hanging  in  the  air  unanswered. 

(4)  Asking  questions  which  may  be  answered 
by  "yes"  or  "no." 

(5)  Asking  ambiguous  questions. 

Where  there  are  two  or  more  teachers,  it  will 
pay  well  to  have  a  normal  class  for  the  discus- 
sion of  such  topics  as  are  here  treated  in  brief. 


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